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Marus, Safad

Coordinates: 33°01′43.38″N 35°31′41.61″E / 33.0287167°N 35.5282250°E / 33.0287167; 35.5282250
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For the village in Iran, see Marus, Iran.
Marus
ماروس
Etymology: Kh. Marus=the ruin of Marus, where "Marus" comes from a personal name.[1]
Marus is located in Mandatory Palestine
Marus
Marus
Location within Mandatory Palestine
Coordinates: 33°01′43.38″N 35°31′41.61″E / 33.0287167°N 35.5282250°E / 33.0287167; 35.5282250
Palestine grid199/270
Geopolitical entityMandatory Palestine
SubdistrictSafad
Date of depopulation26 May 1948/ 30 October 1948[4]
Population
 (1945)
 • Total80[2][3]
Cause(s) of depopulationInfluence of nearby town's fall
Secondary causeMilitary assault by Yishuv forces

Marus (Arabic: ماروس) was a Palestinian village in Upper Galilee, 7 km northeast of Safad. In the Roman and medieval period it had Jewish population, and by the 16th century it became entirely Muslim. After a period of desertion, the Ottoman authorities resettled it with Algerian Arabs in the 19th century. It was depopulated in 1948 during the Operation Hiram by the Israeli attacking brigade Sheva' Brigade.

History and archaeology

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Archaeology

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In 1875, Victor Guérin found major ruins here. He described the place as a destroyed Arab village.[5]

In 1881 the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine found here: "Modern and ancient ruins; a spring in a rock-cut cave, ancient foundations of good-sized stones; the foundations of a small rectangular building to the west of the eastern portion of the ruin. Some rock-cut tombs and many caves in hills around."[6]

Starting in 1981 Zvi Ilan excavated in sites next to the 20th century village in different directions. Excavations revealed signs of a long-standing community, and Jewish presence at some periods. An ancient synagogue built in the late 4th or early 5th century,[7] and a related Beth midrash of the 7th century,[8] a cache of coins ranging from the 5th to 9th centuries, a necropolis partly of the 1st century CE, and sherds from Roman to early Ottoman period. There are remains of a defensive wall of large stones, and a hewn moat.[9]

Written sources

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Classical era

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Based on the archaeological findings and the name Marus, archaeologist Zvi Ilan suggested Marus is to be identified with the town Meroth. Meroth (Ancient Greek: Μηρωθ) is mentioned by Josephus as a border town between Jewish Galilee and Tyre in the First Jewish–Roman War, and a place he fortified early in the war. Previous suggestions as to its location included Maroun al-Ras, and Meiron, which show less archaeological parallels. The name possibly derives from מערות (Me'arot, caves).[9]

Middle Ages

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Marus is probably mentioned in a Samaritan medieval manuscript, again as the border of Tyre, and in a pilgrimage guide of the 14th century.[9]

Ottoman era

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In 1596, Marus was part of the Ottoman Empire, a village in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Jira under the liwa' ("district") of Safad, with a population of 176. It paid taxes on a number of crops, including wheat, barley, and fruits as well as on goats.[10][11] All the villagers were Muslim.[12]

In the second half of the 19th century Algerian followers of Abdelkader El Djezairi have been defeated by the French in Algeria, and sought refuge in another part of the Ottoman Empire. They were given lands in various locations in Ottoman Syria, including Marus, and the close by Dayshum, Ammuqa, Al-Husayniyya, and Tulayl.[13] The Algerian settlers belonged to the tribe of Awlad bu Alwarath, from Dellys, Algeria.[14]

British Mandate era

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In the British Mandate period the village was classified as a hamlet by the Palestine Index Gazetteer.[15] In the 1922 census of Palestine, Marus had a population of 45; all Muslims,[16] increasing in the 1931 census to 59, still all Muslims, in a total of 12 houses.[17]

In the 1945 statistics the population was 80 Muslims,[2] and the total land area was 3,183 dunums.[3] Of this, 108 dunums were plantations and irrigable land, 903 used for cereals,[18] while 8 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[19]

Israeli rule

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The village was occupied by the Israeli Defense Force's Sheva' Brigade, during the Operation Hiram at the close of 1948 Arab-Israeli war.

According to the Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, describing the village land in 1992: "The site contains some olive and fig trees as well as stones from ruined homes. The surrounding land is used for grazing."[20]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Palmer, 1881, p. 84
  2. ^ a b Department of Statistics, 1945, p. 10
  3. ^ a b Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 70
  4. ^ Morris, 2004, p. xvi, village #41. Also gives causes of depopulation.
  5. ^ Guérin, 1880, pp. 451-2
  6. ^ Conder and Kitchener, 1881, SWP I, p. 242
  7. ^ Goodman et al, 2002, p. 841
  8. ^ "Gallery of Sites and Finds". Israel Antiquities Authority. Retrieved 2016-01-08.
  9. ^ a b c Ilan, 1983 (Hebrew), and English abstract
  10. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 178. Quoted in Khalidi, 1992, p. 475
  11. ^ Note that Rhode, 1979, p. 6 Archived 2019-04-20 at the Wayback Machine writes that the register that Hütteroth and Abdulfattah studied from the Safad-district was not from 1595/6, but from 1548/9.
  12. ^ Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 178
  13. ^ Abbasi, 2007 (Hebrew). Non-Hebrew version in The Maghreb Review, 28(1), 2003 pp. 41-59.
  14. ^ Ahmad Abbasi, Mustafa (2007). "הקהילה האלג'יראית בגליל משלהי השלטון העות'מני עד שנת 1948". אופקים בגיאוגרפיה. 68/9: 59–60.
  15. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 475
  16. ^ Barron, 1923, Table XI, Sub-district of Safad, p. 41
  17. ^ Mills, 1932, p. 108
  18. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 120
  19. ^ Government of Palestine, Department of Statistics. Village Statistics, April, 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 170
  20. ^ Khalidi, 1992, p. 476

Bibliography

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