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Incheon

Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
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This article is about the city. For the airport, see Incheon International Airport. For other uses, see Incheon (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Icheon.

Incheon
인천
仁川
Metropolitan city
Incheon Metropolitan City
인천광역시
仁川廣域市
Korean name transcription(s)
 • Hangul인천광역시
 • Hanja仁川廣域市
 • Revised RomanizationIncheon Gwangyeoksi
 • McCune–ReischauerInch'ŏn Kwangyŏksi
Songdo International Business District
Jeondeungsa
Freedom Park
Incheon Bridge
Incheon International Airport
Incheon Football Stadium
Flag of Incheon
Flag
Official logo of Incheon
Emblem of Incheon
Anthem: Song of Incheon
Incheon is located in South Korea
Incheon
Incheon
Incheon is located in Asia
Incheon
Incheon
Coordinates: 37°29′N 126°38′E / 37.483°N 126.633°E / 37.483; 126.633
CountrySouth Korea
RegionSeoul Capital
Subdivisions
List
Government
 • TypeMayor-Council
 • MayorYoo Jeong-bok (People Power)
 • BodyIncheon Metropolitan Council
Area
 • Total1,062.63 km2 (410.28 sq mi)
Population
 (september, 2024)[1]
 • Total3,016,250
 • Density2,800/km2 (7,400/sq mi)
GDP
 • TotalKR₩ 104 trillion
US$ 83 billion (2022)
Time zoneUTC+9 (Korea Standard Time)
Area code+82-31
DialectGyeonggi
FlowerRose
TreeTulip tree
BirdCrane
WebsiteOfficial website (English)

Incheon (Korean: 인천; Korean pronunciation: [intɕʰʌ̹n]; or Inch'ŏn; literally "kind river"), formerly Jemulpo or Chemulp'o (Korean: 제물포) until the period after 1910, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City (인천광역시), is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi Province to the east. Inhabited since the Neolithic, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it South Korea's third-most-populous city after Seoul and Busan.[2]

The city's growth has been assured in modern times with the development of its port due to its natural advantages as a coastal city and its proximity to the South Korean capital. It is part of the Seoul Capital Area, along with Seoul itself and Gyeonggi Province, forming the world's fourth-largest metropolitan area by population.

Incheon has since led the economic development of South Korea by opening its port to the outside world, ushering in the modernization of South Korea as a center of industrialization. In 2003, the city was designated as South Korea's first free economic zone.[3][4] Since then, large local companies and global enterprises have increasingly invested in the Incheon Free Economic Zone, including Samsung which chose Songdo International City as its new investment destination for its bio industry.[citation needed]

As an international city, Incheon has held numerous large-scale international conferences, such as the Incheon Global Fair & Festival in 2009. The 17th Asian Games Incheon 2014 was also held in Incheon on 19 September 2014. Incheon is also a major transportation hub in northeast Asia, with Incheon International Airport and Incheon Port.[citation needed] The large volume of port traffic makes Incheon a Large-Port Metropolis using the Southampton System of Port-City classification.[5]

History

[edit]

The first historical record of the Incheon area dates back to 475 CE, during the reign of King Jangsu of Goguryeo, by the name of Michuhol, which is supposed to be located on today's Munhak Hill (문학산). The area underwent several name changes with successive kingdoms and dynasties. In Goryeo era, Incheon was called Gyeongwon (경원) or Inju (인주). The current name was turned to Incheon in 1413. [citation needed] Later, Incheon County became Incheon Metropolitan Prefecture (dohobu, 도호부). Old Incheon consisted of today's southern Incheon (i.e. Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Nam-gu, Yeonsu District, and Namdong District) and the northern part of Siheung. The city center was Gwangyo-dong, where the prefecture office (도호부청사) and the local academy (hyanggyo, 향교) were located. The "original" two remaining buildings of the Incheon prefecture office are located in Munhak Elementary School, while the newly built (in 2001) prefecture office buildings are right across from Munhak Baseball Stadium.

Modern history

[edit]
Jemulpo in 1890

Another historical name of the city, Jemulpo (alternatively Romanized as Chemulpo), was not widely used until the opening of the port in 1883. It was frequently used until the Japanese annexation.[6][7] After the opening of the Incheon port, the city center moved from Gwangyo to Jemulpo. Today, either Jemulpo or Gwangyo-dong is considered "Original Incheon" (원인천). It was internationally known as Jinsen during Japanese rule, based on the Japanese pronunciation of Incheon's Sino-Korean name.

In 1914, the Japanese colonial government merged outer parts of old Incheon (including the former center of Gwangyo) with Bupyeong County, forming Bucheon County.[8] Between 1936 and 1940, some part of Bucheon County was recombined into Incheon City, by which some part of "old" Bupyeong was annexed into Incheon.

Incheon was originally part of Gyeonggi Province, but was granted Directly Governed (now Metropolitan) City status on 1 July 1981; the city officially separated from the province. In 1989, neighboring islands and Gyeyang township of Gimpo County[a] were ceded to Incheon and in 1995 Geomdan township of Gimpo County and two counties of Ganghwa and Onjin were annexed to Incheon Metropolitan City.[citation needed]

Incheon was known as Inchon prior to South Korea's adoption of a new Romanization system in 2000.[9]

Juan-dong, Incheon attacked with tear gas in May 1987

Major events

[edit]

The city was the site of the Battle of Chemulpo Bay, where the first shots of the Russo-Japanese War were fired.

During the Korean War, Incheon was occupied by North Korean troops on 4 July 1950. Incheon was the site of the Battle of Inchon when the United States troops landed to relieve pressure on the Pusan Perimeter and to launch a United Nations offensive northward. The result was a decisive UN victory and it was recaptured on 19 September 1950.[10] USS Inchon was named after the tide-turning battle that ensued.

Prior to and during the June Democratic Movement in 1987, Incheon was the site of several pro-democracy protests.

Incheon has also hosted a series of major international events. The Global Fair & Festival 2009 Incheon was held in the Songdo District in August 2009. It was open from 7 August to 25 October for a period of 80 days. It was a comprehensive international event with global institutions and corporations as participants. Various musicians and artists performed during the event.

Incheon City Hall (2024.10)

The city hosted a meeting of the G20 Finance Ministers in February 2010.[11] Incheon was the site of the third Global Model United Nations Conference, held from 10 to 14 August 2011.

It first hosted the Incheon Women Artists' Biennale in 2004 which expanded into welcoming international artists in its subsequent 2007, 2009[12] and 2011.

Incheon hosted the Asian Games in 2014.[13] It hosted the 6th OECD World Forum in 2018.[14]

Incheon was designated as the World Book Capital for the year 2015 by UNESCO.[15]

Education

[edit]

On 27 February 2007, Incheon declared itself an "English City," and inaugurated the "Incheon Free English Zone" program. The goal of the program is to make the city as proficient in English as Singapore.[16] This is for the ultimate purpose of establishing Incheon as a commercial and business hub of northeast Asia (see Free Economic Zone below). The official slogan of the program is "Smile with English."[citation needed]

Higher education

[edit]
See also: Category:Universities and colleges in Incheon

Incheon is home to a number of colleges and universities:

Climate

[edit]

Incheon has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa) using the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm,[17] and humid continental climate[18] (Köppen Dwa, respectively) using the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm. Like other metropolitan cities, Incheon has a strong urban heat island effect.[19] Incheon's climate is about average compared to the rest of Korea, with 8 locations being cooler and 10 locations being warmer, and with 9 locations being wetter and 9 locations being drier.[20]

Incheon experiences each of its four seasons, distinctly feeling the rise and fall of temperature and humidity. The temperature however, never rises to an extreme, and the climate of the city is essentially mild. Incheon is swept by the seasonal winds as the northwesterly winds strike the city in the winter and the summer in Incheon is affected by gusts of the warm southwesterly winds.[21]

Climate data for Incheon (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 15.8
(60.4) 		18.2
(64.8) 		21.9
(71.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		31.2
(88.2) 		33.8
(92.8) 		38.9
(102.0) 		38.9
(102.0) 		33.4
(92.1) 		28.6
(83.5) 		26.2
(79.2) 		17.5
(63.5) 		38.9
(102.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.2
(36.0) 		4.8
(40.6) 		10.1
(50.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		27.8
(82.0) 		29.2
(84.6) 		25.8
(78.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		12.0
(53.6) 		4.5
(40.1) 		16.6
(61.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.5
(29.3) 		0.7
(33.3) 		5.6
(42.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		21.3
(70.3) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		21.5
(70.7) 		15.3
(59.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		0.7
(33.3) 		12.5
(54.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.8
(23.4) 		−2.8
(27.0) 		2.1
(35.8) 		7.9
(46.2) 		13.1
(55.6) 		18.0
(64.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		22.9
(73.2) 		18.1
(64.6) 		11.4
(52.5) 		4.3
(39.7) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		9.1
(48.4)
Record low °C (°F) −21.0
(−5.8) 		−18.4
(−1.1) 		−13.8
(7.2) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.7
(47.7) 		12.8
(55.0) 		14.4
(57.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		−3.2
(26.2) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−18.6
(−1.5) 		−21.0
(−5.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15.9
(0.63) 		25.1
(0.99) 		33.8
(1.33) 		63.5
(2.50) 		96.3
(3.79) 		106.0
(4.17) 		337.7
(13.30) 		274.6
(10.81) 		130.3
(5.13) 		51.1
(2.01) 		50.8
(2.00) 		22.3
(0.88) 		1,207.4
(47.54)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.9 5.2 5.9 7.9 8.4 9.5 15.0 12.4 8.1 6.0 8.6 7.7 100.6
Average snowy days 7.1 4.4 2.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 6.6 22.1
Average relative humidity (%) 61.1 61.2 63.4 64.5 69.8 75.9 83.8 80.1 72.9 66.7 64.3 61.8 68.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 186.6 188.5 215.3 220.0 239.5 212.5 159.7 189.8 200.4 219.1 170.2 176.7 2,378.3
Percent possible sunshine 58.0 59.5 55.3 55.6 52.7 46.1 35.0 45.4 52.9 60.6 55.2 57.3 52.0
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[22][23][24]
Climate data for Ganghwa County, Incheon (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1972–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 12.6
(54.7) 		17.4
(63.3) 		22.3
(72.1) 		29.2
(84.6) 		31.0
(87.8) 		33.2
(91.8) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.8
(96.4) 		31.7
(89.1) 		28.3
(82.9) 		23.8
(74.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		35.8
(96.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		9.8
(49.6) 		16.2
(61.2) 		21.4
(70.5) 		25.4
(77.7) 		27.6
(81.7) 		29.0
(84.2) 		25.5
(77.9) 		19.5
(67.1) 		11.5
(52.7) 		3.9
(39.0) 		16.3
(61.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) −3.2
(26.2) 		−0.7
(30.7) 		4.6
(40.3) 		10.7
(51.3) 		16.0
(60.8) 		20.5
(68.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		24.7
(76.5) 		20.2
(68.4) 		13.7
(56.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		−0.9
(30.4) 		11.3
(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −8.1
(17.4) 		−5.8
(21.6) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		5.3
(41.5) 		11.0
(51.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		20.6
(69.1) 		21.2
(70.2) 		15.6
(60.1) 		8.1
(46.6) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−5.7
(21.7) 		6.6
(43.9)
Record low °C (°F) −22.5
(−8.5) 		−19.4
(−2.9) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		6.9
(44.4) 		12.7
(54.9) 		12.5
(54.5) 		3.0
(37.4) 		−4.2
(24.4) 		−12.0
(10.4) 		−19.8
(−3.6) 		−22.5
(−8.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 15.6
(0.61) 		22.5
(0.89) 		31.4
(1.24) 		64.9
(2.56) 		110.9
(4.37) 		110.0
(4.33) 		355.6
(14.00) 		300.4
(11.83) 		131.5
(5.18) 		55.8
(2.20) 		46.3
(1.82) 		21.3
(0.84) 		1,266.2
(49.85)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 5.0 4.8 6.0 7.5 8.2 8.6 14.1 11.9 7.4 5.6 7.5 6.6 93.2
Average snowy days 7.3 4.3 2.4 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.5 5.1 20.6
Average relative humidity (%) 63.6 61.0 61.4 62.4 68.6 75.1 82.8 79.9 73.8 68.9 67.8 65.4 69.2
Mean monthly sunshine hours 186.2 186.5 217.0 221.7 235.3 208.5 153.0 184.9 203.8 214.3 166.0 171.8 2,349
Percent possible sunshine 58.7 61.8 58.9 59.0 54.8 50.0 38.6 47.7 57.4 63.3 55.7 55.6 54.6
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[22][23][24]
Climate data for Baengnyeongdo, Ongjin County, Incheon (2001–2020 normals, extremes 2000–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 9.4
(48.9) 		15.5
(59.9) 		17.3
(63.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		28.1
(82.6) 		30.0
(86.0) 		33.5
(92.3) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.9
(85.8) 		25.6
(78.1) 		20.3
(68.5) 		13.8
(56.8) 		33.5
(92.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.2
(34.2) 		2.8
(37.0) 		7.1
(44.8) 		13.0
(55.4) 		18.7
(65.7) 		22.9
(73.2) 		25.4
(77.7) 		26.9
(80.4) 		23.5
(74.3) 		17.7
(63.9) 		10.6
(51.1) 		3.8
(38.8) 		14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.3
(29.7) 		0.0
(32.0) 		3.8
(38.8) 		9.1
(48.4) 		14.5
(58.1) 		19.0
(66.2) 		22.3
(72.1) 		23.8
(74.8) 		20.1
(68.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		7.9
(46.2) 		1.2
(34.2) 		11.3
(52.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.4
(25.9) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.1
(52.0) 		16.1
(61.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		21.5
(70.7) 		17.8
(64.0) 		12.3
(54.1) 		5.5
(41.9) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		8.7
(47.7)
Record low °C (°F) −17.4
(0.7) 		−15.3
(4.5) 		−7.7
(18.1) 		0.5
(32.9) 		5.0
(41.0) 		7.3
(45.1) 		13.0
(55.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		10.7
(51.3) 		2.1
(35.8) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−11.3
(11.7) 		−17.4
(0.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 13.3
(0.52) 		17.4
(0.69) 		18.2
(0.72) 		47.5
(1.87) 		74.3
(2.93) 		72.0
(2.83) 		201.0
(7.91) 		158.5
(6.24) 		90.6
(3.57) 		31.0
(1.22) 		41.9
(1.65) 		21.6
(0.85) 		787.3
(31.00)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.4 4.8 5.3 6.9 8.1 10.0 13.9 11.1 6.7 5.0 8.5 9.9 97.6
Average snowy days 11.0 6.2 2.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 3.0 12.7 35.5
Average relative humidity (%) 63.4 63.0 65.5 65.7 70.1 80.2 88.0 83.7 75.9 67.8 64.7 63.8 71.0
Mean monthly sunshine hours 139.9 166.6 216.9 219.3 239.6 191.0 136.7 189.6 212.4 217.6 146.7 117.3 2,193.6
Percent possible sunshine 43.3 54.3 53.9 53.0 51.4 38.6 28.6 40.8 54.5 60.6 49.3 37.9 46.8
Source: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010)[22][23][24]

Economy

[edit]

Incheon forms the heart of Capital Industrial Region. During the industrialization of South Korea, several industrial complexes were built throughout the city, and as a result, the city was largely dependent on manufacturing industry. But with the designation of Incheon Free Economic Zone in 2003, the city is now making an effort to foster new growth industries. Major industrial parks include Bupyeong industrial complex, which hosts GM Incheon plant(formerly a GM Daewoo Incheon plant), Juan industrial complex, and Namdong Industrial complex.[citation needed]

In recent years, bio industry is emerging as a new growth industry of the city.[citation needed] Currently, with the total production capacity of 330kℓ per year, the city ranks 2nd in the world by production capacity along with San Francisco, United States.[citation needed] The capacity is under expansion, and after completion in 2018, the city will rank 1st with the production capacity of 510kℓ.[25] Also, logistics industry is also experiencing a rapid growth, thanks to Incheon Airport, which was ranked fourth in the world by cargo traffic, and the expansion of Incheon Port.

Transportation

[edit]

Incheon is a major domestic and international transport hub for Korea.

Incheon Air Departures

Air

[edit]

Incheon International Airport is South Korea's primary international airport and a regional air hub. In 2015, it was the world's 22nd busiest airport by passenger traffic, with 49,412,750 passengers.[26]

There were a total of 305,446 flights (300,634 international, 4,812 domestic) to and from Incheon International Airport in 2015, an average of 837 flights (824 international, 13 domestic) daily. Korea's two main carriers, Korean Air and Asiana Airlines, serviced 50.9% of flights, while low-cost and foreign carriers serviced the remaining 49.1% of flights.[27] The airport is experiencing a rapid increase in passengers, and the opening of Terminal 2 in December 2017 spurred additional traffic.

The airport was also featured in the Korean drama series, "Air City."

Incheon International Airport ranked "5th in the world" among international airports in late 2018.[28][when?][needs update]

Sea

[edit]

Incheon's sea port is the second largest port in Korea after Busan Port.

The International Passenger Terminal located at the port offers ferries to five cities in China: Dalian, Qingdao, Tianjin, Dandong, and Weihai. There are also ferries to Incheon's outlying islands as well as Baengnyeong Island inside of the Northern Limit Line.

Bus

[edit]

Incheon Bus Terminal, located at its eponymous subway stop, offers express bus transportation to all parts of Korea. Many city bus lines offer transportation within city limits as well as to the neighboring cities of Bucheon, Gimpo, Seoul, and Siheung.

Many intercity buses offer transportation between Seoul and Incheon.

  • Incheon Air Bus Terminal
    Incheon Air Bus Terminal
  • Bus Terminal
    Bus Terminal
  • Cheongna GRT
    Cheongna GRT
  • Incheon City Tour Bus
    Incheon City Tour Bus
  • Incheon City Bus No 30
    Incheon City Bus No 30

Train

[edit]
AREX Gyeyang station platform

Local service to Guro, Seoul, Cheongnyangni, Uijeongbu and Soyosan is offered by Seoul's subway Line 1. The line has 11 stations within Incheon and connects to the Incheon Subway at Bupyeong and Juan stations.

Rapid service on the same line to Yongsan station in Seoul depart from Dongincheon station and stops at major stations.

The Airport Express (AREX) line runs from Incheon International Airport to Seoul Station via Gimpo International Airport. The Incheon-Gimpo section was opened in March 2007 and was extended to Seoul station in December 2010. Passengers can choose a high-speed service stopping only at Incheon airport and Seoul, which takes 43 minutes but departs only every half-hour; or the all-station service which takes 53 minutes but leaves every six minutes.

KTX service was introduced on the AREX line on 30 June 2014, with stops at Incheon International Airport station and Geomam station. There are additional plans to use the newly built Suin Line to bring KTX service to Incheon station by 2021.[29]

Subway

[edit]
Main article: Incheon Subway
Incheon Airport Maglev

The Incheon Subway has two subway lines serving the city. The first line connects to the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system at Bupyeong station (Seoul Subway Line 1), and AREX line at Gyeyang station. It connects International Business District station in Songdo to Gyeyang station. The line has 28 stations on 29.4 kilometres (18.3 miles) of track. The line also has transfer stations with the Suin Line at Woninjae station, with the Incheon Subway Line 2 at Incheon City Hall station, and with Seoul Subway Line 7 at Bupyeong-gu Office station. Incheon Subway Line 2 opened in July 2016 and runs from Geomdan Oryu station to Unyeon station. The automated line is 29.2 kilometres (18.1 miles) long, and has 27 stations, including transfer stations at Geomam station with the AREX line, Juan station with Seoul Subway Line 1 and Incheon Subway Line 2 at Incheon City Hall station.

The Incheon subway is operated by the Incheon Rapid Transit Corporation (IRTC).

There are additional plans for a third subway line in Incheon.

Korail has also constructed a new commuter rail line named Suin Line. The line opened in 2012 from Oido station in Siheung to Songdo station in Incheon. It was then extended in 2016, and now reaches Incheon station where passengers can transfer to Seoul Subway Line 1. In 2020, the line was extended from Oido station to Suwon Station.

SMRT (one of three operating companies of Seoul Metropolitan Subway) has extended Seoul Metropolitan Subway Line 7 to Bupyeong-gu office by 2011 and provided transfers to the Incheon Subway system. It has 3 stations within Incheon. By 2020, the line will further be extended westwards to Seoknam station where it will be possible to transfer to Incheon Subway Line 2.

Free Economic Zone

[edit]

The Incheon Free Economic Zone (IFEZ) comprises the regions of Songdo, Cheongna, and Yeongjong Island, covering a total area of 51,739 acres (20,938 hectares). IFEZ was established to develop these areas into centres for logistics, international business, leisure, and tourism, aimed primarily at the Northeast Asian region. The designation of "Free Economic Zone" refers to efforts to enhance the business environment for foreign enterprises and improve living conditions for expatriates. It was the first zone of its kind in South Korea, formally designated in August 2003. The region includes infrastructure for air and sea transportation, logistics, international business, financial services, and residential facilities, alongside educational, medical, and leisure amenities.

New Songdo City

[edit]

Development of Songdo International City began in 1994 on reclaimed land and has been intended as a centre for international business, trade, technology, and environmentally conscious urban living. Initially projected to be completed by 2020, some areas continue to be under development, with evolving projects and adjustments to the original master plan.[30] Today, Songdo houses various multinational companies and hosts several international institutions, including the Green Climate Fund. The city is also recognised for its smart city technologies and eco-friendly design, featuring extensive green spaces, smart infrastructure, and advanced waste management systems.

  • Development area: 13,162 acres (53.26 km2)
  • Planned population: 252,000 persons

Yeongjong Island

[edit]

As of 2012, Yeongjong International City, centred around Incheon International Airport, has been under development as an eco-friendly airport city. Originally scheduled for completion by 2020, certain projects are still ongoing as the area continues to evolve.[31] The development aims to combine logistical facilities with residential, business, and tourism sectors, leveraging its proximity to the airport.

  • Development area: 34,183 acres (138.33 km2)

Cheongna

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Cheongna, located on the mainland near Yeongjong Island, is designed to focus on entertainment and leisure. It includes residential zones, sports facilities, and a business district catering to international finance. Although initially slated for completion by 2008, development timelines have since been extended, with some projects, such as the theme park, still in the planning or early construction stages.

  • Development Size: 4,394 acres (17.78 km2)
  • Planned population: 90,000 persons

Administrative divisions

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Main article: List of districts and counties of Incheon
Administrative divisions

Incheon is divided into 8 districts (gu) and 2 counties (gun).

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1950258,000—    
1960394,000+4.32%
1970627,000+4.76%
19801,062,000+5.41%
19901,785,000+5.33%
20002,371,000+2.88%
20102,559,000+0.77%
20192,938,457+1.55%
source:[32]

Religion in Incheon (2015)[33]

  Not religious (57.9%)
  Protestantism (23.1%)
  Catholicism (9.5%)
  Buddhism (8.7%)
  Other (0.8%)

According to the 2015 census, 32.6% of the population follow Christianity (23.1% Protestantism and 9.5% Catholicism) and 8.7% follow Buddhism. 57.9% of the population is irreligious. 0.8% of the population follow other religions including Islam, Muism, and Confucianism.[33]

Sports

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Incheon Asiad Main Stadium, main stadium of 2014 Asian Games

Incheon is home to the following professional and semi professional sports teams:

Association football: The K League 1 team Incheon United FC.
The Incheon team was known to have a popular rivalry against former Bucheon SK (now Jeju United), due to the teams' close geographical relationship.

The K4 League team FC Namdong is based in the Namdong District of Incheon.

The WK League team is named Hyundai Steel Red Angels.

Baseball: The KBO League team SSG Landers.
The first Incheon-based professional baseball team were Sammi Superstars.

Basketball: The WKBL team Incheon Shinhan Bank S-Birds is based in Incheon. Between 1997 and 2021, Incheon hosted the KBL team Incheon Electroland Elephants.

Volleyball: The V-League teams are Incheon Korean Air Jumbos (men's) and Incheon Heungkuk Life Pink Spiders (women's).

Munhak Sports Complex: The Munhak Sports Complex houses both a football stadium and a baseball stadium. The football stadium was Incheon's venue for the 2002 Football World Cup, and is also the home venue for Incheon United. The baseball stadium is the home venue for the SSG Landers.

In April 2007, Incheon was selected as the host city for the 2014 Asian Games, beating out New Delhi.[34]

Yeonhui Cricket Ground: Yeonhui Cricket Ground is a purpose-built cricket stadium in Incheon built for cricket events at the 2014 Asian Games. The 2014 Asian Games featured cricket for both the men's and the women's event and this ground was used for the scheduled cricket matches played at the games. It is the first cricket stadium in South Korea.[35][36]

Incheon Football Stadium (Sungui Arena): Incheon Football Stadium is the first football-only stadium in Incheon. It was built in 2012 with a capacity for 20,891 spectators.

Points of interest

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Incheon administers several of Korea's western islands, including Ganghwa Island, Yeongjong Island, and Baengnyeong Island, with Baengnyeong Island being South Korea's westernmost point.

Key points of interest in Incheon include:

  • Bupyeong Station: A major transport hub where Seoul Subway Line 1 and Incheon Subway Line intersect. Bupyeong is known for its vast underground shopping centre, featuring 1,408 stores over 31,692 square metres (as recorded by the National Archives of Korea). This centre was recognised by the American World Record Academy in 2014 for having the largest number of stores in the world. Above ground, Bupyeong offers a lively mix of restaurants, shops, and a Lotte Mart.
  • Jayu (Freedom) Park: Located near Incheon's port, this park is home to a statue of General Douglas MacArthur and a memorial marking the centennial of U.S.-Korea relations.
  • Chinatown: Korea's only official Chinatown, situated across from Incheon Station, close to Jayu Park, offering a taste of Chinese culture and cuisine.
  • Incheon Bus Terminal Area: Centred around the city's bus terminal, this area also features a subway station and a performance venue. The bustling Rodeo Street in Guwol-dong is lined with restaurants, department stores, and shops.
  • Wolmido: A former military site at Green Beach, used during the Incheon Landing. It is now a popular tourist destination with a boardwalk, amusement park, and seafood restaurants. Ferries to Yeongjongdo and Jakyakdo depart from here.
  • Jakyakdo Island: A small island located between Wolmido and Yeongjongdo. Visitors can enjoy scenic walks, picnic spots, a restaurant, and seasonal accommodation.
  • Incheon Landing Operation Memorial Hall: This site commemorates the Incheon Landing with a plaza and museum displaying weapons and artefacts from the operation and the Korean War.
  • Incheon Dohobu Cheongsa: The former government complex of Incheon, dating back to at least the reign of King Sejong in the 15th century. It is located near Munhak Stadium.
  • Ara Canal: A waterway linking the Han River to the Yellow Sea. The canal is bordered by parks and a popular bike path.
  • Korean-Chinese Cultural Centre: Built by the Jung-gu District, this centre promotes cultural exchange and understanding between Korea and China.
  • Songwol-dong Fairy Tale Village: Created as part of a renovation project, this vibrant village is now a popular attraction for children and young visitors.
  • Monument to 100 years of friendship between Korea and the US in Jayu Park
    Monument to 100 years of friendship between Korea and the US in Jayu Park
  • A walkway in Jayu Park
    A walkway in Jayu Park
  • The only official Chinatown in South Korea
    The only official Chinatown in South Korea
  • Peking Opera wall Chinatown, Incheon, South Korea
    Peking Opera wall Chinatown, Incheon, South Korea
  • Korean-Chinese cultural center Chinatown in South Korea
    Korean-Chinese cultural center Chinatown in South Korea
  • Songwol-dong Fairy Tale Village in Incheon in South Korea
    Songwol-dong Fairy Tale Village in Incheon in South Korea
  • Port of Incheon
    Port of Incheon
  • Incheon Bridge
    Incheon Bridge
  • The tiny island of Jakyakdo
    The tiny island of Jakyakdo
  • Wolmido promenade
    Wolmido promenade
  • Incheon International Airport
    Incheon International Airport
  • Incheon Munhak Stadium
    Incheon Munhak Stadium
  • Lotte Department & Incheon Bus Terminal
    Lotte Department & Incheon Bus Terminal
  • Park Taehwan Swimming Stadium
    Park Taehwan Swimming Stadium
  • Incheon Munhak Stadium (SSG Landers Baseball Team Home)
    Incheon Munhak Stadium (SSG Landers Baseball Team Home)
  • Guwol Rodeo Street
    Guwol Rodeo Street
  • Guwol Asiad Park at Night (2014 Asian Game Park)
    Guwol Asiad Park at Night (2014 Asian Game Park)
  • Incheon Grand Park
    Incheon Grand Park
  • Sorae Bridge
    Sorae Bridge
  • Sorae Art Center & Halls
    Sorae Art Center & Halls

Notable people

[edit]
Main category: People from Incheon

International relations

[edit]
Tianjin and Incheon Friendship City Memorial Sculpture in Tianjin Water Park
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea

Incheon is twinned with:[37]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Prior to 1973, the township belonged to Bucheon or old Bupyeong.

References

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  1. ^ 연령별 인구현황 [Population by Age]. Ministry of the Interior and Safety. Archived from the original on 20 April 2018. Retrieved 20 October 2018.
  2. ^ "Population, Households and Housing Units". Statistics Korea. 28 July 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
  3. ^ Bost, F. "World Free Zones Organization; Index cards by country; SOUTH KOREA" (PDF). World Free Zones Organization. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
  4. ^ Lee, Changwon (1 December 2005). "Development of Free Economic Zones and Labor Standards: A Case Study of Free Economic Zones in Korea". DigitalCollections@ILR. hdl:1813/89761.
  5. ^ Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). "The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi:10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785. S2CID 225502755.
  6. ^ Incheon Metropolitan City Archived 7 January 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Ewing, Stefan (25 January 2006). "By Train from Seoul to Incheon – and Jemulpo, too". Korea Web. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
  8. ^ "GAMEON'ASIA 2015, March 25–27, 2015, Ghent University, Incheon, South-Korea, Conference Venue | EUROSIS". www.eurosis.org. Archived from the original on 24 March 2022. Retrieved 8 July 2021.
  9. ^ Herald, Korea (2 March 2022). "[Lee Kyong-hee] Romanization of Korean – alphabet buffet". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  10. ^ Bill Sloan, The Darkest Summer: Pusan and Inchon 1950: The Battles That Saved South Korea—and the Marines—From Extinction(2009)
  11. ^ "G20 Information Centre". utoronto.ca. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2010.
  12. ^ Garcia, Cathy Rose A. (30 July 2009). "Spotlight on Women Artists at Incheon Biennale". The Korea Times. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011.
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  14. ^ "The 6th OECD World Forum: the Future of Well-being, 27–29 November 2018, Incheon, Korea". OECD. Archived from the original on 3 November 2021. Retrieved 3 November 2021.
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  18. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L. & McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 25 March 2022.
  19. ^ Yeon-Hee Kim; Jong-Jin Baik; Byoung-Cheol Choi. "MAXIMUM URBAN HEAT ISLAND INTENSITY IN LARGE CITIES OF KOREA" (PDF). University of Łódź. Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 23 January 2018.
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  21. ^ "AsiaRooms – LateRooms – Last Minute Hotel Deals & Cheap Hotels". asiarooms.com. Archived from the original on 13 May 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  23. ^ a b c 순위값 – 구역별조회 (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  24. ^ a b c "Climatological Normals of Korea" (PDF). Korea Meteorological Administration. 2011. p. 499 and 649. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  25. ^ 송도국제도시 세계 최대 바이오의약품 생산기지로 뜬다 [Songdo International City becomes the world's largest biopharmaceutical production base] (in Korean). 12 October 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2015.
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  27. ^ "Incheon Airport" Airport Statistics: 인천공항 [Airport Statistics: Incheon International Airport] (in Korean). Archived from the original on 22 June 2016. Retrieved 15 June 2016.
  28. ^ 인천공항 국제여객 순위 '세계 5위' 기염. Kiho Ilbo [ko] (in Korean). 9 January 2019. Archived from the original on 17 April 2021. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  29. ^ Bae, Joon-yong (19 April 2016). 인천역에 KTX 들어오나? [Will KTX come to Incheon station?]. Incheon Daily News (in Korean). Archived from the original on 8 August 2016.
  30. ^ 송도 들어서는 롯데몰 건축허가 변경 승인됐다 (A change in the building permit for Lotte Mall in Songdo was approved.). OBS Gyeongin TV. 14 December 2023. Retrieved 30 September 2024.
  31. ^ 서, 미숙 (23 March 2020). 우미·제일·서한건설, 세종·인천에 공공지원 민간임대 건설 - (Umi, Cheil, Seohan Construction, construction of public support private lease in Sejong and Incheon). Yonhap News Agency (delivered by Naver). Retrieved 30 September 2024.
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  34. ^ Yoo, Soh-jung (6 July 2010). "2014 Asian Games to promote regional harmony". The Korea Herald. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014.
  35. ^ "INCHEON PUTTING IN THE HARD YARDS". Asian Cricket Council. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 13 July 2019. Retrieved 13 July 2019.
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  37. ^ "Sister Cities & Affiliated Cities". incheon.go.kr. Incheon Metropolitan Government. Archived from the original on 9 August 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2020.
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