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Canadian Prairies

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"The Prairies" redirects here. For other uses, see Prairie (disambiguation).
Canadian Prairies
Prairies canadiennes (French)
Ecoregion
Farm on the prairies near Hartney, Manitoba
Farm on the prairies near Hartney, Manitoba
Map of the Prairie Provinces
Map of the Prairie Provinces
LocationAlberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba in Canada
Area
 • Total1,780,650.6 km2 (687,513.0 sq mi)[1]
Highest elevation3,747 m (12,293 ft)

The Canadian Prairies (usually referred to as simply the Prairies in Canada) is a region in Western Canada. It includes the Canadian portion of the Great Plains and the Prairie provinces, namely Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba.[2] These provinces are partially covered by grasslands, plains, and lowlands, mostly in the southern regions. The northernmost reaches of the Canadian Prairies are less dense in population, marked by forests and more variable topography.[3] If the region is defined to include areas only covered by prairie land, the corresponding region is known as the Interior Plains.[4] Physical or ecological aspects of the Canadian Prairies extend to northeastern British Columbia, but that area is not included in political use of the term.[5]

The prairies in Canada are a temperate grassland and shrubland biome within the prairie ecoregion of Canada that consists of northern mixed grasslands in Alberta, Saskatchewan, southern Manitoba, as well as northern short grasslands in southeastern Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan.[6] The Prairies Ecozone of Canada includes the northern tall grasslands in southern Manitoba and Aspen parkland, which covers central Alberta, central Saskatchewan, and southern Manitoba.[7] The Prairie starts from north of Edmonton and it covers the three provinces in a southward-slanting line east to the Manitoba–Minnesota border.[8] Alberta has the most land classified as prairie, while Manitoba has the least, as the boreal forest begins more southerly in Manitoba than in Alberta.[9]

Main climates

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The core climate of the Canadian prairie region is defined as a semi-arid climate and is often based upon the Köppen climate classification system.[10] This type of classification encompasses five main climate types, with several categoric subtypes based on the precipitation pattern of the region.[11] The majority of the prairie provinces experience snowy, fully humid continental climates with cool summers, also known as class Dfc on the Köppen climate scale.[10] The southernmost regions of the prairies tend to experience fully humid continental climates with warm summers, Dfb.[10] A trifling section surrounding the Alberta-Saskatchewan border has been classified as Bsk, semi-cold and arid climate.[10]

Precipitation events in the Canadian prairies are very important to study as these locations make up 80% of the country's agricultural production.[12] On average, 454 mm of precipitation falls on the prairies each year.[13] Out of the three prairie provinces, Saskatchewan obtains the least amount of precipitation annually (395 mm), with Manitoba receiving the most at 486 mm. Most rainfall typically happens in the summer months such as June and July.[13] With the high humidity of the prairies, tornadoes are likely to occur—marking central Saskatchewan and southern Manitoba as high probability areas.[14] Approximately 72% of tornadoes in Canada are seen across the prairies[15] due to the capability of summer thunderstorm precipitation to mechanically mix with the air adjacent to the relatively flat surface of the region.[13]

Average climates for selected cities in the Canadian Prairies[16]
City Province July January Annual precipitation Plant hardiness zone Average growing season
(in days)
Lethbridge[17] AB 26 °C/10 °C (79 °F/50 °F) 0 °C/-12 °C (32 °F/10 °F) 380 mm (14.9 in) 4B 119
Calgary[18] AB 23 °C/9 °C (73 °F/48 °F) -1 °C/-13 °C (30 °F/9 °F) 419 mm (16.4 in) 4A 117
Medicine Hat[19] AB 28 °C/12 °C (82 °F/54 °F) −5 °C/-16 °C (23 °F/3 °F) 323 mm (12.7 in) 4B 134
Edmonton[20] AB 23 °C/12 °C (73 °F/54 °F) −6 °C/-15 °C (21 °F/5 °F) 456 mm (17.9 in) 4A 135
Grande Prairie[21] AB 23 °C/10 °C (73 °F/50 °F) −8 °C/-19 °C (18 °F/-2 °F) 445 mm (17.5 in) 3B 117
Regina[22] SK 26 °C/12 °C (79 °F/54 °F) −9 °C/-20 °C (16 °F/-4 °F) 390 mm (15.3 in) 3B 119
Saskatoon[23] SK 25 °C/12 °C (77 °F/54 °F) −10 °C/-21 °C (14 °F/-9 °F) 354 mm (13.8 in) 3B 117
Prince Albert[24] SK 24 °C/12 °C (75 °F/54 °F) −11 °C/-23 °C (12 °F/-9 °F) 428 mm (16.8 in) 3A 108
Brandon[25] MB 25 °C/11 °C (77 °F/54 °F) −11 °C/-22 °C (12 °F/-11 °F) 474 mm (18.6 in) 3B 119
Winnipeg[26] MB 25 °C/12 °C (77 °F/55 °F) −11 °C/-21 °C (12 °F/-6 °F) 521 mm (20.5 in) 4A 121

Physical geography

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See also: Geography of Canada

Although the Prairie Provinces region is named for the prairies located within Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba, the physical geography of the three provinces is quite diverse, consisting of portions of the Canadian Shield, the Western Cordillera and the Canadian Interior Plains.[27] The plains comprise both prairies and forests while, with the exception of freshwater along the Hudson Bay, the shield is predominantly forested.[27]

Panorama of city with mixture of five- to ten-storey buildings
Gimli, Manitoba, is on Lake Winnipeg, a very large fresh water lake in the eastern prairies.

Prairies

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Three main grassland types occur in the Canadian prairies: tallgrass prairie, mixed grass prairie, and fescue prairie (or using the WWF terminology, northern tall grasslands, northern mixed grasslands, and northern short grasslands).[28] Each has a unique geographic distribution and characteristic mix of plant species. All but a fraction of one per cent of the tallgrass prairie has been converted to cropland.[29] What remains occurs on the 6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi) plain centred in the Red River Valley in Manitoba. Mixed prairie is more common and is part of the dry interior plains that extend from Canada south to the U.S. state of Texas.

The northern short grasslands (WWF terminology) shown here on a map of North America in green, is a type of true prairie (grassland) that occurs in the southern parts of the Prairie Provinces.
Main article: Prairies Ecozone

More than half of the remaining native grassland in the Canadian prairies is mixed. Though widespread in southern Saskatchewan and southeastern Alberta, because of extensive cattle grazing, it is estimated that only 24% of the original mixed prairie grassland remains.[29] Fescue prairie occurs in the moister regions, occupying the northern extent of the prairies in central and southwestern Alberta and west-central Saskatchewan.[30]

Palliser's Triangle, delineating prairie soil types in the Prairie provinces

The southwestern Canadian prairies, supporting brown and black soil types, are semi-arid and highly prone to frequent and severe droughts.[31] The zones around the cities of Regina and immediately east of Calgary are also very dry. Most heavy precipitation quickly dissipates by the time it passes Cheadle on its way heading east.[31] In an average year, southern Saskatchewan receives between 30–51 cm (12–20 in) of precipitation, with the majority falling between April and June. Frost from October to April (and sometimes even early May) limits the growing season for certain crops.[28]

The eastern section of the Canadian prairies in Manitoba is well watered with several large lakes such as Lake Winnipeg and several large rivers. The area also gets reasonable amounts of precipitation. The middle sections of Alberta and Saskatchewan are also wetter than the south and have better farmland, despite having a shorter frost-free season.[32] The areas around Edmonton and Saskatoon are especially notable as good farmland. Both lie in the northern area of the Palliser's Triangle, and are within aspen parkland a transitional prairie ecozone.[33][8]

Further north, the area becomes too cold for most agriculture besides wild rice operations and sheep raising, and it is dominated by boreal forest. The Peace Region in northwestern Alberta is an exception, however.[34] It lies north of the 55th Parallel and is warm and dry enough to support extensive farming. Aspen parkland covers the area; The long daylight hours in this region during the summer are an asset despite having an even shorter growing season than central Alberta. In fact, agriculture plays a major economic role in the Peace Region.

Demographics

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Census metropolitan areas in the Canadian Prairies
Rank Census metropolitan area Population (2021) Population (2016) Province
1 Calgary 1,481,806 1,392,609 Alberta
2 Edmonton 1,418,118 1,321,426 Alberta
3 Winnipeg 834,678 778,489 Manitoba
4 Saskatoon 317,480 295,095 Saskatchewan
5 Regina 249,217 236,481 Saskatchewan

In the Canadian 2021 Census, the Canadian prairie provinces had a population of 6,737,293 consisting of 4,262,635 in Alberta, 1,342,153 in Manitoba, and 1,132,505 in Saskatchewan, up 4.6% from 6,443,892 in 2016.[1] The three provinces have a combined area of 1,780,650.6 km2 (687,513.0 sq mi), consisting of 640,081.87 km2 (247,136.99 sq mi) in Alberta, 552,329.52 km2 (213,255.62 sq mi) in Manitoba, and 588,239.21 km2 (227,120.43 sq mi) in Saskatchewan.[1]

Growth

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Some of the prairie region of Canada has seen rapid growth from a boom in oil production since the mid-20th century.[35] According to StatsCanada, the prairie provinces had a population of 6,443,892 in 2016. In 2021, the population had grown by 4.5% to 6,737,293.[36]

Economy

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A canola field in the Qu'Appelle Valley in Southern Saskatchewan.

In the mid 20th century, the economy of the prairies exploded, due to the oil boom, and introduced a growth of jobs. The primary industries are agriculture and services.[3] Agriculture consisting of livestock (cattle and sheep), cultivating crops (oats, canola, wheat, barley), and production of oil.[5] Due to the production of oil, the service industry expanded in order to provide for the employees of the oil companies extracting the oil. In the 1950s-1970s, the explosion of oil production increased the worth of Alberta, allowing it to become the "nation's richest province" and Canada one of the top petroleum exporters in the world.[5] Edmonton and Calgary drew in a larger population with the increase in jobs in the energy industry, causing the jobs supporting this industry to grow as well. It was through the steady economic growth that followed this explosion that the prairies region began to switch from an agriculture-based job sector to one with services included.[37]

In 2014, the global market for oil fell and led to a recession, impacting the economy dramatically. Alberta still has an oil-dominant economy even as the traditional oil wells dry up; there are oil sands further north (i.e. Fort McMurray) that continue to provide jobs to extract, drill and refine the oil.[5] Saskatchewan, in particular, in the early 20th century grew economically due to the Canadian agricultural boom and produce large crops of wheat.[3] It is said to have a "one-crop economy" due to such dependency on this crop alone, but after 1945 the economy took another turn with technological advancements that allowed for the discovery of uranium, oil, and potash.[3]

Culture and politics

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The Prairies are distinguished from the rest of Canada by cultural and political traits. The oldest influence on Prairie culture are the First Nations, who have inhabited this region for millennia. This region has the highest proportion of Indigenous people in Canada, outside of the "territories." The first Europeans to see the Prairies were fur traders and explorers from eastern Canada (mainly present-day Quebec) and Great Britain via Hudson Bay. They gave rise to the Métis, working class "children of the fur trade."[5]

During their settlement by Europeans, the prairies were settled in distinct ethnic block settlements giving areas distinctively British, Ukrainian, German, French, or Scandinavian Canadian cultures. Farm family operations predominate, where families supplement their cash income with home-grown farm produce. Grain crops are the main cash crop, but mixed farming had natural advantages in the wooded areas of the parkland and boreal forest to the north. Local conditions attrracted particular ethnicities. Those of Ukrainians and Polish heritage were drawn to the parkland of east north-central Alberta.

The Alberta badlands

Southern Alberta is renowned for its cowboy culture, which developed when real open range ranching was practiced in the 1880s.[5] Canada's first rodeo, the Raymond Stampede, was established in 1902. These influences are also evident in the music of Canada's Prairie Provinces. This can be attributed partially to the massive influx of American settlers who began to migrate to Alberta (and to a lesser extent, Saskatchewan) in the late 1880s because of the lack of available land in the United States.

The Prairie Provinces have given rise to the "prairie protest" movements. Radical solutions are sometimes considered sound in the more open western culture. Organized Farmer groups and politicized labour groups were a feature of the inter-war years. The One Big Union was founded on the Prairies; the Winnipeg General Strike of 1919 was the biggest general strike in Canadian history. The United Farmers of Alberta was the longest-lasting post-WWI Farmer government in Canada. Monetary reform (Social Credit) elected its first government in the world in Alberta in 1932. Preston Manning's Reform Party, 1987 to 2000, had its strongest support among Prairie voters.

These political movements (both of the left and right) tend to feed off of well established feelings of Western alienation, and each one represents a distinct challenge to the perceived Central Canadian elite.[38]

The Prairies continue to have a wide range of political representation. While the Conservative Party of Canada has widespread support throughout the region at both federal and provincial levels, the New Democratic Party holds seats at the provincial level in all three provinces, and takes turns with Conservatives or another right-wing party at provincial government. The NDP holds seats at the federal level in Alberta and Manitoba. The Liberal Party of Canada often holds seats in Alberta and Manitoba; it presently holds four federal seats in Winnipeg, while the Manitoba Liberal Party holds one seat in Manitoba.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c "Population and dwelling counts, for Canada, provinces and territories, 2011 and 2006 censuses". Statistics Canada. 2012-01-24. Archived from the original on 2014-03-07. Retrieved 2012-03-17.
  2. ^ McGinn, Sean (2010). Shorthouse, Joseph; Floate, Kevin (eds.). Weather and Climate Patterns in Canada's Prairies (PDF). Vol. 1. pp. 105–119. doi:10.3752/9780968932148. ISBN 9780968932148.
  3. ^ a b c d McCullough, J.J. "The Prairies". The Canada Guide. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  4. ^ "Prairies Ecozone". www.ecozones.ca.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Chepkemoi, Joyce (25 April 2017). "Facts About the Canadian Prairie Provinces". WorldAtlas. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  6. ^ Quiring, S. M; Papakryiakou, T. N. (2003). "An evaluation of agricultural drought indices for the Canadian prairies". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 118 (1–2): 49–62. Bibcode:2003AgFM..118...49Q. doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00072-8.
  7. ^ "Prairies Ecozone". Ecological Framework of Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016.
  8. ^ a b "Wide open spaces, but for how long?". The Royal Canadian Geographical Society. 16 October 2014. Archived from the original on 3 April 2016.
  9. ^ Quiring, S. M; Papakryiakou, T. N. (2003). "An evaluation of agricultural drought indices for the Canadian prairies". Agricultural and Forest Meteorology. 118 (1–2): 49–62. Bibcode:2003AgFM..118...49Q. doi:10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00072-8.
  10. ^ a b c d Powell, J.M (1978). "Climate Classifications of the Prairie Provinces of Canada" (PDF). Northern Forest Research Center.
  11. ^ "Köppen climate classification". hanschen.org. 13 January 2024.
  12. ^ "Agriculture and Food | The Canadian Encyclopedia". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.
  13. ^ a b c McGinn, Sean (2010). "Weather and Climate Patterns of Canada's Prairies". Anthropods of Canadian Grasslands. 1. doi:10.3752/9780968932148.ch5.
  14. ^ Cheng, Vincent Y. S.; Arhonditsis, George B.; Sills, David M. L.; Auld, Heather; Shephard, Mark W.; Gough, William A.; Klaassen, Joan (19 July 2013). "Probability of Tornado Occurrence across Canada". Journal of Climate. 26 (23): 9415–9428. Bibcode:2013JCli...26.9415C. doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00093.1. ISSN 0894-8755. S2CID 3545698.
  15. ^ Durage, Samantha; Wirasinghe, S.C; Ruwanpura, Janaka. "Mitigation of the impact of tornadoes in the Canadian Prairies" (PDF). Canadian Risk and Hazards Network. University of Calgary.
  16. ^ "Canada's Plant Hardiness". Canada's Plant Hardiness. Natural Resources Canada. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2016.
  17. ^ "Lethbridge A, Alberta". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  18. ^ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981-2010 Station Data Calgary International Airport". Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2015.
  19. ^ "Medicine Hat A, Alberta". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Medicine Hat. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 14 May 2014.
  20. ^ "Edmonton City Centre Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. Environment Canada. August 19, 2013. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2013.
  21. ^ "Grande Prairie A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981−2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  22. ^ "Regina International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on 12 May 2014. Retrieved 12 May 2014.
  23. ^ "Saskatoon Diefenbaker International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on May 13, 2014. Retrieved May 12, 2014.
  24. ^ "Prince Albert A". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on May 14, 2014. Retrieved May 14, 2014.
  25. ^ "Brandon CDA, Manitoba". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 7 May 2014.
  26. ^ "Winnipeg Richardson International Airport". Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010. Environment Canada. 2013-09-25. Archived from the original on February 11, 2015. Retrieved May 7, 2014.
  27. ^ a b Baldwin, D. J., Desloges, J. R., & Band, L. E. (2000). "Physical geography of Ontario" (Ecology of a managed terrestrial landscape: patterns and processes of forest landscapes in Ontario): 12–29. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ a b Williams, G. D. V., Joynt, M. I., & McCormick, P. A. (1975). "Regression analyses of Canadian prairie crop-district cereal yields, 1961–1972, in relation to weather, soil, and trend". Canadian Journal of Soil Science. 55 (1): 43–53. doi:10.4141/cjss75-007.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ a b Gauthier, David A.; Wiken, Ed B. (2003). "Monitoring the Conservation of Grassland Habitats, Prairie Ecozone, Canada". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 88 (1/3): 343–364. doi:10.1023/A:1025585527169. PMID 14570422. S2CID 23604851.
  30. ^ "Prairie Grasslands and Parkland". Archived from the original on 2010-05-27.
  31. ^ a b Gregorich, E.G.; Anderson, D.W. (December 1985). "Effects of cultivation and erosion on soils of four toposequences in the Canadian prairies". Geoderma. 36 (3–4): 343–354. Bibcode:1985Geode..36..343G. doi:10.1016/0016-7061(85)90012-6.
  32. ^ Turner, M G (November 1989). "Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process". Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics. 20 (1): 171–197. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.20.110189.001131. S2CID 44048546.
  33. ^ "Prairies Ecozone". Ecological Framework of Canada. Government of Canada. Archived from the original on 2 June 2016. Retrieved 23 May 2016.
  34. ^ Price, David T.; Alfaro, R.I.; Brown, K.J.; Flannigan, M.D.; Fleming, R.A.; Hogg, E.H.; Girardin, M.P.; Lakusta, T.; Johnston, M.; McKenney, D.W.; Pedlar, J.H.; Stratton, T.; Sturrock, R.N.; Thompson, I.D.; Trofymow, J.A.; Venier, L.A. (1 December 2013). "Anticipating the consequences of climate change for Canada's boreal forest ecosystems". Environmental Reviews. 21 (4): 322–365. doi:10.1139/er-2013-0042. ISSN 1181-8700.
  35. ^ "Atlantic unemployment tonic: oil sands". The Globe and Mail. Archived from the original on 2008-10-20.
  36. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-05-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  37. ^ Friesen, G (1987). The Canadian prairies: A history. University of Toronto Press.
  38. ^ Peterson, Larry (1 January 1984). "Revolutionary Socialism and Industrial Unrest in the Era of the Winnipeg General Strike: The Origins of Communist Labour Unionism in Europe and North America". Labour / Le Travail. 13: 115–131. doi:10.2307/25140403. ISSN 1911-4842. JSTOR 25140403. S2CID 73518869.

Further reading

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See also: Bibliography of Saskatchewan history, Bibliography of Alberta history, and History of Manitoba
  • Alberta Encyclopedia Online (2005)
  • Archer, John H. Saskatchewan: A History (1980)
  • Barnhart, Gordon L., ed. Saskatchewan Premiers of the Twentieth Century. (2004). 418 pp.
  • Bennett, John W. and Seena B. Kohl. Settling the Canadian-American West, 1890–1915: Pioneer Adaptation and Community Building. An Anthropological History. (1995). 311 pp. online edition Archived 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
  • Danysk, Cecilia. Hired Hands: Labour and the Development of Prairie Agriculture, 1880–1930. (1995). 231 pp.
  • Emery, George. The Methodist Church on the Prairies, 1896–1914. McGill-Queen's U. Press, 2001. 259 pp.
  • The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan: A Living Legacy. U. of Regina Canadian Plains Research Center, 2005. online Archived 2017-01-31 at the Wayback Machine 1071 pp in print edition
  • Fairbanks, C. and S.B. Sundberg. Farm Women on the Prairie Frontier. (1983)
  • Friesen, Gerald (1987), The Canadian prairies: a history, University of Toronto Press, ISBN 978-0-8020-6648-0
  • Hodgson, Heather, ed. Saskatchewan Writers: Lives Past and Present. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center, 2004. 247 pp.
  • Jones, David C. Empire of Dust: Settling and Abandoning the Prairie Dry Belt. (1987) 316 pp.
  • Keahey, Deborah. Making It Home: Place in Canadian Prairie Literature. (1998). 178 pp.
  • Kononenko, Natalie "Vernacular religion on the prairies: negotiating a place for the unquiet dead," Canadian Slavonic Papers 60, no. 1-2 (2018)
  • Langford, N. "Childbirth on the Canadian Prairies 1880-1930." Journal of Historical Sociology, 1995. Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 278–302.
  • Langford, Nanci Louise. "First Generation and Lasting Impressions: The Gendered Identities of Prairie Homestead Women." PhD dissertation U. of Alberta 1994. 229 pp. DAI 1995 56(4): 1544-A. DANN95214 Fulltext: ProQuest Dissertations & Theses
  • Laycock, David. Populism and Democratic Thought in the Canadian Prairies, 1910 to 1945. (1990). 369 pp.
  • Lorenz, Stacy L. "'A Lively Interest on the Prairies': Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport' 1870-1939." Journal of Sport History 27.2 (2000): 195–227. online
  • Melnyk, George. The Literary History of Alberta, Vol. 1: From Writing-on-Stone to World War Two. U. of Alberta Press, 1998. 240 pp.
  • Morton, Arthur S. and Chester Martin, History of prairie settlement (1938) 511pp
  • Morton, W. L. Manitoba, a History University of Toronto Press, 1957 online edition
  • Norrie, K. H. "The Rate of Settlement of the Canadian Prairies, 1870–1911", Journal of Economic History, Vol. 35, No. 2 (Jun., 1975), pp. 410–427 in JSTOR; statistical models
  • Palmer, Howard. The Settlement of the West (1977) online edition Archived 2011-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
  • Pitsula, James M. "Disparate Duo" Beaver 2005 85(4): 14–24, a comparison of Saskatchewan and Alberta, Fulltext in EBSCO
  • Rollings-Magnusson, Sandra. "Canada's Most Wanted: Pioneer Women on the Western Prairies". Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 2000 37(2): 223–238. ISSN 0008-4948 Fulltext: Ebsco
  • Swyripa, Frances. Storied Landscapes: Ethno-Religious Identity and the Canadian Prairies (University of Manitoba Press, 2010) 296 pp. ISBN 978-0-88755-720-0.
  • Thompson, John Herd. Forging the Prairie West (1998).
  • Wardhaugh, Robert A. Mackenzie King and the Prairie West (2000). 328 pp.
  • Waiser, Bill, and John Perret. Saskatchewan: A New History (2005).

Historiography

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