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Bollinger County, Missouri

Coordinates: 37°19′N 90°02′W / 37.32°N 90.03°W / 37.32; -90.03
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Bollinger County
County
Bollinger County Courthouse, April 2014
Bollinger County Courthouse, April 2014
Map of Missouri highlighting Bollinger County
Location within the U.S. state of Missouri
Map of the United States highlighting Missouri
Missouri's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 37°19′N 90°02′W / 37.32°N 90.03°W / 37.32; -90.03
Country United States
State Missouri
FoundedMarch 1, 1851
Named forGeorge Frederick Bollinger
SeatMarble Hill
Largest cityMarble Hill
Area
 • Total621 sq mi (1,610 km2)
 • Land618 sq mi (1,600 km2)
 • Water3.3 sq mi (9 km2)  0.5%
Population
 (2020)
 • Total10,567
 • Density17/sq mi (6.6/km2)
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
Congressional district8th

Bollinger County is a county located in the southeastern part of the U.S. state of Missouri. As of the 2020 census, the county's population was 10,567.[1] The county seat, largest and only city, is Marble Hill.[2] The largely rural county is supported by agriculture and construction. The county was officially organized in March 1851 from portions of Wayne, Cape Girardeau and Stoddard Counties, and named in honor of George Frederick Bollinger, an early settler.

Bollinger County is part of the Cape Girardeau, MO–IL Metropolitan Statistical Area. The county is the home of the "Missouri dinosaur" discovered at an archaeological dig near Glen Allen in 1942. Blue Pond, the deepest natural pond in Missouri, is located in the southern portion of the county.

History

[edit]

In fall 1799, George Frederick Bollinger, a North Carolina settler of German descent [3] persuaded 20 other families[4] to leave North Carolina and settle in a region immediately west of what is now Cape Girardeau, Missouri. To acquire the land, Bollinger first had to sign off a document asserting that he and his fellow settlers were all Roman Catholics. In reality, most of the group were members of the German Reformed Church and none were actually Catholic. However, Don Louis Lorimier, the Spanish Land Commandant of Cape Girardeau, had been impressed by Bollinger on an earlier visit and decided to bend the rules for him and his fellow settlers.

Lorimier's willingness to place German Reformed settlers west of Cape Girardeau is somewhat perplexing given his earlier role in placing a group of Shawnee settlers in that same location. Lorimier had earlier fled Ohio Country with his half-Shawnee wife and a band of Shawnee after a raid by men under George Rogers Clark in 1782. He eventually migrated across the Mississippi River and settled at Cape Girardeau in 1793. Later he was appointed Land Commandant at Cape Girardeau.

The Bollinger-led group of families moved into an area that became known as the "Dutch Settlement" along the Whitewater River in January 1800, crossing their wagons over the Mississippi River after an unusually cold stretch of weather had frozen the surface all the way across.[citation needed]

Meanwhile, ownership of the region shifted in quick succession from Spain to France and then in 1803 to the United States via the Louisiana Purchase. The change in national ownership did not bode well for the earlier Shawnee settlers. In 1825 they were removed permanently when the U.S. government enacted the treaty with the Shawnee in 1825.[5] This treaty, whose first signatory was William Clark of the Lewis and Clark Expedition fame, required that the Shawnee move to what is now known as Shawnee Mission, Kansas, on land that had previously belonged to the Osage tribes. One of the Cherokee Trail of Tears routes passed through Sedgewickville, while another passed through Glennon and Zalma.

The region west of Cape Girardeau was organized as a county in 1851 and was named Bollinger County in honor of George Frederick Bollinger. The county seat was Dallas, renamed Marble Hill in 1865. In the next county to the west, Madison County, the settlement of Fredericktown was also named after Bollinger.

Geography

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According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 621 square miles (1,610 km2), of which 618 square miles (1,600 km2) is land and 3.3 square miles (8.5 km2) (0.5%) is water.[6] The county's terrain ranges from the Mississippi Delta flatlands in the south to the Ozark Hills in the north.

Adjacent counties

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Major highways

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National protected area

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Demographics

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Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18607,371—
18708,16210.7%
188011,13036.4%
189013,12117.9%
190014,65011.7%
191014,576−0.5%
192013,909−4.6%
193012,269−11.8%
194012,8985.1%
195011,019−14.6%
19609,167−16.8%
19708,820−3.8%
198010,30116.8%
199010,6193.1%
200012,02913.3%
201012,3632.8%
202010,567−14.5%
U.S. Decennial Census[7]
1790-1960[8] 1900-1990[9]
1990-2000[10] 2010-2020[1]

As of the census[12] of 2000,[needs update] there were 12,029 people, 4,576 households, and 3,464 families residing in the county. The population density was 19 people per square mile (7.3 people/km2). There were 5,522 housing units at an average density of 9 units per square mile (3.5/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 97.79% White, 0.72% Native American, 0.22% Asian, 0.21% Black or African American, 0.13% from other races, and 0.93% from two or more races. Approximately 0.57% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 4,576 households, out of which 34.30% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.80% were married couples living together, 8.40% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.30% were non-families. 21.60% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.59 and the average family size was 3.00.

In the county, the population was spread out, with 26.20% under the age of 18, 7.80% from 18 to 24, 26.80% from 25 to 44, 24.50% from 45 to 64, and 14.80% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.80 males.

The median income for a household in the county was $36,744, and the median income for a family was $42,948. Males had a median income of $26,078 versus $17,588 for females. The per capita income for the county was $16,387. About 10.90% of families and 13.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.40% of those under age 18 and 17.40% of those age 65 or over.

The most commonly reported first ancestries in Bollinger County were 34% German, 24% United States or American, 10% Irish, 9% English, 3% Dutch, 2% French (excluding Basque), and 1% Scottish.[13]

Religion

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According to the Association of Religion Data Archives County Membership Report (2010), Bollinger County is part of the Bible Belt, with evangelical Protestantism being the most predominant religion. The most predominant denominations among residents in Bollinger County who adhere to a religion are Southern Baptists (42.43%), Roman Catholics (25.19%), and United Methodists (10.46%).

2020 Census

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Bollinger County Racial Composition[14]
Race Num. Perc.
White (NH) 9,862 93.33%
Black or African American (NH) 35 0.33%
Native American (NH) 30 0.3%
Asian (NH) 20 0.2%
Pacific Islander (NH) 3 0.03%
Other/Mixed (NH) 464 4.4%
Hispanic or Latino 153 1.5%

Economy

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Like many rural areas, the standard of living in Bollinger County is significantly lower than many other places. In 2008, the cost of living index in Bollinger County was low (76.0) compared to the U.S. average of 100. The unemployment rate in Bollinger County is also lower than the state and national levels. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the October 2008 unemployment rate in the United States was 6.7 percent whereas in Missouri it was 6.5 percent. According to economic research compiled by the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, the October 2008 unemployment rate in Bollinger County was 5.6 percent.[15]

The most common industries providing employment in Bollinger County consist of manufacturing (25.5%), educational, health and social services (14.7%), construction (12.3%), and retail trade (10.8%) while other kinds of industries account for the rest (36.7%). The most common industries for males in Bollinger County are construction (20%), agriculture, forestry, fishing and/or hunting (8%), truck transportation (5%), transportation equipment (5%), metal and metal products (4%), repair and maintenance (4%), and paper (4%). The most common occupations for males in the county included driving/sales workers and truck drivers (9%), other production occupations including supervisors (8%), electrical equipment mechanics and other installation, maintenance and repair occupations including supervisors (6%), vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics, installers and repairers (6%), metal and plastic workers (6%), carpenters (5%), and hand-laborers and material movers (5%). For females, the most common industries are health care (16%), educational services (9%), apparel (8%), accommodation and food services (6%), finance and insurance (4%), public administration (4%), and metal and metal products (4%). The most common occupations for females includes other production occupations including supervisors (9%), textile, apparel and furnishings workers (8%), secretaries and administrative assistants (6%), other sales and related workers including supervisors (4%), building and grounds cleaning and maintenance occupations (4%), other office and administrative support workers including supervisors (3%), and retail sales workers not including cashiers (3%).

A majority of employees in Bollinger County (78%) receive a private wage or salary, 10% work in public or government jobs, 11% is self-employed while another 1% performs some sort of unpaid family work. A majority of workers in the county (76%) drive their own cars to work, 16% carpools, 5% works at home, 2% walks, 1% takes a bus or trolley bus, and less than 1 percent rides to work on a motorcycle or uses some other form of transportation.

Agriculture

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Like it is in many rural areas, agriculture and farming plays a critical role in the economy of Bollinger County. The average size of a farm in the county is 250 acres (1 km2). The average value of agricultural products sold per farm was $21,451 while the average total farm production expenses per farm was $19,413. The average market value of all machinery and equipment per farm was $36,801 and 31.69% of land in farms consisted of harvested croplands. In the county, 93.65% of all farms were operated by a family or one individual. The average age of the principal farm owner in the county was 56 years old. The average number of cattle and calves per 100 acres (0.40 km2) of all land in farms in the county was 14.10 while 0.61% of all cattle and cows were used for milking. There were 33 acres (130,000 m2) of land in orchards in Bollinger County. The most common crops are soybeans for beans with 20,279 acres (82 km2) harvested, corn for grain with 10,057 acres (41 km2) harvested, and all wheat for grain with 2,857 acres (12 km2) harvested. [citation needed]

Education

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As of 2007,[citation needed] 70.7% of residents 25 years of age and older in Bollinger County had a high school diploma or higher as their highest educational attainment while 6.9% had a bachelor's degree or higher.

Public schools

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Public libraries

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  • Bollinger County Library[16]

Crime

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Although it is not as prevalent in Bollinger County as it is in more urban areas, the county is not immune from crime. As reported by the Bollinger County Sheriff's Department, there were no murders, six rapes, no robberies, 44 assaults, 54 burglaries, 84 thefts, and three auto thefts reported in the county in 2004–2005.

While Missouri has the notorious reputation as the state with the most methamphetamine lab busts in the United States, the number of lab incidents in Bollinger County is significantly lower and basically nonexistent when compared to the regional and statewide average. According to the Missouri State Highway Patrol, there were no methamphetamine lab busts reported in Bollinger County in 2008.[17]

A growing concern among residents in Bollinger County, however, is underage drinking and driving while intoxicated.[citation needed]

Climate and weather

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Missouri generally has a humid continental climate with cool to cold winters and long, hot summers. Due to its location in the interior United States, Missouri often experiences extremes in temperatures. Not having either large mountains or oceans nearby to moderate its temperature, its climate is alternately influenced by air from the cold Arctic and the hot and humid Gulf of Mexico. In the southern part of the state, particularly in the Bootheel, the climate borders on a humid subtropical climate. Therefore, Bollinger County, which is located above the Bootheel, can be said to have more of a humid continental climate sometimes influenced by a humid subtropical climate. Average temperatures in Bollinger County range from 22 °F (−6 °C) in January to 89 °F (32 °C) in July. According to Weather.com, some weather facts about Bollinger County include the following:

  • On average, the warmest month in Bollinger County is July.
  • The highest recorded temperature in Bollinger County was 108 °F (42 °C) in 1954.
  • January is the average coolest month in Bollinger County.
  • The lowest recorded temperature in Bollinger County was −27 °F (−33 °C) in 1951.
  • The maximum average precipitation in Bollinger County occurs in March (4.91 inches).

The historical area-adjusted tornado activity in Bollinger County is near the Missouri state average but is 1.7 times above the U.S. national average. Tornadoes in the county have caused one fatality and 24 injuries recorded between 1950 and 2004. On April 27, 2002, an F3 tornado with maximum wind speeds of 158-206 mph killed a teenage boy in between Hahn and Marble Hill and injured 16 people and caused $4 million in damages.

2023 tornado

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Further information: List of United States tornadoes in April 2023

In the early morning hours of April 5, 2023, an EF2 tornado caused damage in Glen Allen and Grassy, killing 5 people and injuring multiple people.[18]

Politics

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Local

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The Republican Party completely controls politics at the local level in Bollinger County, holding every elected office in the county.

Bollinger County, Missouri
Elected countywide officials
Assessor Ronda Elfrink Republican
Circuit Clerk Dana Mayfield Republican
County Clerk Brittany Hovis Republican
Collector Sonya Fulton Republican
Commissioner
(Presiding)		 Leo Arnzen Republican
Commissioner
(District 1)		 Tim Shelby Republican
Commissioner
(District 2)		 Chad Hulvey Republican
Coroner Calvin Troxell Republican
Prosecuting Attorney Stephen Gray Republican
Public Administrator Larry L. Welker Republican
Recorder Dana Fulbright Republican
Sheriff Casey Graham Republican
Treasurer Scott Minson Republican

State

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Past Gubernatorial Elections Results
Year Republican Democratic Third Parties
2020 85.12% 5,063 13.00% 773 1.88% 112
2016 72.22% 4,051 25.25% 1,416 2.53% 142
2012 57.48% 3,114 39.53% 2,142 2.99% 162
2008 56.05% 3,232 42.06% 2,425 1.89% 109
2004 67.25% 3,902 31.76% 1,843 0.98% 57
2000 61.76% 3,190 36.98% 1,910 1.26% 65
1996 47.96% 2,372 51.11% 2,528 0.93% 46
1992 55.01% 2,867 44.99% 2,345 0.00% 0
1988 63.63% 2,930 36.31% 1,672 0.07% 3
1984 59.10% 2,754 40.90% 1,906 0.00% 0
1980 51.93% 2,641 48.01% 2,442 0.06% 3
1976 48.68% 2,338 51.32% 2,465 0.00% 0
1972 50.62% 2,521 49.14% 2,447 0.24% 12
1968 45.55% 2,021 54.45% 2,416 0.00% 0
1964 44.21% 2,130 55.79% 2,688 0.00% 0
1960 55.02% 2,637 44.98% 2,156 0.00% 0

All of Bollinger County is a part of Missouri's 145th District in the Missouri House of Representatives and is currently represented by Rick Francis (R-Perryville). Francis was reelected to a third term in 2020.

Missouri House of Representatives – District 145 – Bollinger County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Rick Francis 5,061 86.44% +0.76
Democratic Mike Lindley 794 13.56% −0.76
Missouri House of Representatives – District 145 – Bollinger County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Rick Francis 4,056 85.68% +3.51
Democratic Ronald G. Pember 678 14.32% −0.71

All of Bollinger County is a part of Missouri's 27th District in the Missouri Senate and is currently represented by Holly Thompson Rehder (R-Sikeston).

Missouri Senate – District 27 – Bollinger County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Holly Rehder 4,942 84.93% +4.44
Democratic Donnie Owens 877 15.07% −4.44
Missouri Senate – District 27 – Bollinger County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Wayne Wallingford 4,370 80.49% −19.51
Democratic Donnie Owens 1,059 19.51% +19.51

Federal

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All of Bollinger County is included in Missouri's 8th Congressional District and is currently represented by Jason Smith (R-Salem) in the U.S. House of Representatives. Smith was elected to a fifth term in 2020 over Democratic challenger Kathy Ellis.

U.S. House of Representatives – Missouri’s 8th Congressional District – Bollinger County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jason Smith 5,020 85.32% +2.51
Democratic Kathy Ellis 791 13.44% −2.52
Libertarian Tom Schmitz 73 1.24% +0.01
U.S. House of Representatives – Missouri's 8th Congressional District – Bollinger County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Jason Smith 3,965 82.81% +0.90
Democratic Kathy Ellis 764 15.96% +0.69
Libertarian Jonathan L. Shell 59 1.23% −1.59

Bollinger County, along with the rest of the state of Missouri, is represented in the U.S. Senate by Josh Hawley (R-Columbia) and Roy Blunt (R-Strafford).

U.S. Senate – Class I – Bollinger County (2018)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Josh Hawley 3,486 79.76% +23.81
Democratic Claire McCaskill 886 18.37% −20.30
Libertarian Japheth Campbell 36 0.75% −4.63
Independent Craig O'Dear 32 0.66%
Green Jo Crain 22 0.46% +0.46

Blunt was elected to a second term in 2016 over then-Missouri Secretary of State Jason Kander.

U.S. Senate - Class III - Bollinger County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Roy Blunt 4,016 71.61% +1.32
Democratic Jason Kander 1,379 24.59% −0.01
Libertarian Jonathan Dine 99 1.77% +0.86
Constitution Fred Ryman 57 1.02% −1.46
Green Johnathan McFarland 57 1.02% +1.02

Political culture

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United States presidential election results for Bollinger County, Missouri[19]
Year Republican Democratic Third party(ies)
No.  % No.  % No.  %
2020 5,167 86.36% 750 12.54% 66 1.10%
2016 4,827 85.04% 705 12.42% 144 2.54%
2012 4,095 75.05% 1,213 22.23% 148 2.71%
2008 3,972 68.67% 1,690 29.22% 122 2.11%
2004 4,102 69.58% 1,754 29.75% 39 0.66%
2000 3,487 65.87% 1,692 31.96% 115 2.17%
1996 2,420 47.95% 2,044 40.50% 583 11.55%
1992 2,289 42.68% 2,150 40.09% 924 17.23%
1988 2,710 58.94% 1,883 40.95% 5 0.11%
1984 2,778 59.09% 1,923 40.91% 0 0.00%
1980 2,863 56.08% 2,160 42.31% 82 1.61%
1976 2,113 43.46% 2,740 56.36% 9 0.19%
1972 3,069 62.80% 1,818 37.20% 0 0.00%
1968 2,283 50.08% 1,693 37.14% 583 12.79%
1964 2,125 43.22% 2,792 56.78% 0 0.00%
1960 2,886 59.86% 1,935 40.14% 0 0.00%
1956 2,845 56.56% 2,185 43.44% 0 0.00%
1952 3,060 58.34% 2,182 41.60% 3 0.06%
1948 2,187 51.25% 2,075 48.63% 5 0.12%
1944 2,850 60.72% 1,841 39.22% 3 0.06%
1940 3,415 57.55% 2,511 42.32% 8 0.13%
1936 2,988 50.91% 2,816 47.98% 65 1.11%
1932 2,411 44.29% 2,994 55.00% 39 0.72%
1928 3,014 62.20% 1,824 37.64% 8 0.17%
1924 2,204 50.21% 2,075 47.27% 111 2.53%
1920 2,869 57.97% 2,019 40.80% 61 1.23%
1916 1,624 50.05% 1,538 47.40% 83 2.56%
1912 1,100 35.60% 1,512 48.93% 478 15.47%
1908 1,593 50.30% 1,517 47.90% 57 1.80%
1904 1,587 53.26% 1,355 45.47% 38 1.28%
1900 1,515 49.00% 1,533 49.58% 44 1.42%
1896 1,272 46.05% 1,485 53.77% 5 0.18%
1892 1,145 45.19% 1,338 52.80% 51 2.01%
1888 1,090 45.40% 1,302 54.23% 9 0.37%

Bollinger County is a Republican stronghold at the presidential level. No Democratic nominee has won Bollinger County since Jimmy Carter in 1976. Since then, voters in the county have consistently backed Republican presidential nominees.

Missouri presidential preference primaries

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2020

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The 2020 presidential primaries for both the Democratic and Republican parties were held in Missouri on March 10. On the Democratic side, former Vice President Joe Biden (D-Delaware) both won statewide and carried Bollinger County by a wide margin. Biden went on to defeat President Donald Trump in the general election.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Joe Biden 295 63.99
Democratic Bernie Sanders 146 31.67
Democratic Tulsi Gabbard 3 0.65
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 17 3.69

Incumbent President Donald Trump (R-Florida) faced a primary challenge from former Massachusetts Governor Bill Weld, but won both Bollinger County and statewide by overwhelming margins.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2020)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Donald Trump 1,085 98.64
Republican Bill Weld 1 0.09
Republican Others/Uncommitted 14 1.27

2016

[edit]

The 2016 presidential primaries for both the Republican and Democratic parties were held in Missouri on March 15. Businessman Donald Trump (R-New York) narrowly won the state overall and carried a plurality of the vote in Bollinger County. He went on to win the presidency.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Donald Trump 1,272 47.61
Republican Ted Cruz 1,111 41.58
Republican John Kasich 141 5.28
Republican Marco Rubio 98 3.67
Republican Others/Uncommitted 50 1.87

On the Democratic side, former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton (D-New York) narrowly won statewide and carried a majority of the vote in Bollinger County.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2016)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Clinton 242 53.78
Democratic Bernie Sanders 203 45.11
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 5 1.11

2012

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The 2012 Missouri Republican Presidential Primary's results were nonbinding on the state's national convention delegates. Voters in Bollinger County supported former U.S. Senator Rick Santorum (R-Pennsylvania), who finished first in the state at large, but eventually lost the nomination to former Governor Mitt Romney (R-Massachusetts). Delegates to the congressional district and state conventions were chosen at a county caucus, which selected a delegation favoring Santorum. Incumbent President Barack Obama easily won the Missouri Democratic Primary and renomination. He defeated Romney in the general election.

2008

[edit]

In 2008, the Missouri Republican Presidential Primary was closely contested, with Senator John McCain (R-Arizona) prevailing and eventually winning the nomination. However, former Governor Mike Huckabee (R-Arkansas) won a plurality in Bollinger County.

Missouri Republican Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2008)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Republican Mike Huckabee 657 39.72
Republican John McCain 518 31.32
Republican Mitt Romney 384 23.22
Republican Ron Paul 65 3.93
Republican Others/Uncommitted 30 1.80

Then-Senator Hillary Clinton (D-New York) received more votes than any candidate from either party in Bollinger County during the 2008 presidential primary. Despite initial reports that Clinton had won Missouri, Barack Obama (D-Illinois), also a Senator at the time, narrowly defeated her statewide and later became that year's Democratic nominee, going on to win the presidency.

Missouri Democratic Presidential Primary – Bollinger County (2008)
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Democratic Hillary Clinton 971 74.12
Democratic Barack Obama 293 22.37
Democratic Others/Uncommitted 46 3.51

Attractions

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A part of Missouri's River Heritage Region, Bollinger County has several historical points of interest:

  • The Bollinger County Museum of Natural History, located in Marble Hill, houses a growing collection of natural history specimens and Native American artifacts from Missouri and other artifacts from around the world.[20] The museum is home to "the Missouri dinosaur"
  • The Massey Log House, built in 1869, located in Marble Hill
  • The Alma Fisher One-Room School in Marble Hill
  • The Cat Ranch Art Guild,[21] a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting the arts in the county, is located in Marble Hill. It was started in memory of Tom Runnels, a local artist, sculptor and writer who died of brain cancer on September 3, 2000. The Guild's name is taken from Tom and his wife Saundra Runnels's property, which is called The Cat Ranch.
  • St. John's Catholic Church in Leopold has one of the oldest pipe organs west of the Mississippi River.[22]

Communities

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City

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Villages

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Unincorporated communities

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Townships

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Bollinger County is divided into eight townships:

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ a b "2020 Population and Housing State Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 27, 2021.
  2. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on May 31, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2011.
  3. ^ Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named. The State Historical Society of Missouri. p. 210.
  4. ^ Making the journey from North Carolina with Bollinger were his brothers John, Daniel, and Mathias Bollinger and two nephews, Mann Henry Bollinger and William Bollinger. Several friends also joined the expedition including brothers George and Peter Grount (Grounds) along with Peter's young son Daniel Grount, brothers Peter and Conrad Statler, Joseph Neyswanger, Peter Crytes, Jacob Cotner, John and Isaac Miller, Frederick Limbaugh, Leonard Welker and Frederick Slinkard. Also with him family of Johannes Caspar Shell; Michael, Caspar and Benjamin Shell.
  5. ^ Kappler, Charles Joseph (1904). "Indian affairs: laws and treaties, Vol. 2 (Treaties) | Treaty with the Shawnee, 1825, Article 1, Page 263". digital.library.okstate.edu. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  6. ^ "2010 Census Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. August 22, 2012. Archived from the original on October 21, 2013. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  7. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  8. ^ "Historical Census Browser". University of Virginia Library. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  9. ^ "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  10. ^ "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Ranking Tables for Counties: 1990 and 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 27, 2010. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  11. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved November 29, 2019.
  12. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
  13. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 19, 2008.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ^ "P2 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Bollinger County, Missouri".
  15. ^ "Unemployment Rate in Bollinger County, MO". March 20, 2018. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  16. ^ Breeding, Marshall. "Bollinger County Library". Libraries.org. Retrieved May 8, 2017.
  17. ^ Missouri State Highway Patrol - 2008 Statewide Methamphetamine Lab Incidents Totals
  18. ^ "Missouri tornado kills at least 5 people, causes widespread damage: "It's just heartbreaking"". CBS News. April 5, 2023. Retrieved April 7, 2023.
  19. ^ Leip, David. "Dave Leip's Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections". uselectionatlas.org. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  20. ^ "Bollinger County Museum of Natural History". www.bcmnh.org. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  21. ^ "The Cat Ranch Art Guild". sites.google.com. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  22. ^ "St. John's Catholic Church & Cemetery". Archived from the original on February 27, 2014. Retrieved February 23, 2014.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bollinger County, Missouri.

37°19′N 90°02′W / 37.32°N 90.03°W / 37.32; -90.03

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