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Enhanced geothermal system

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Enhanced geothermal system: 1 Reservoir, 2 Pump house, 3 Heat exchanger, 4 Turbine hall, 5 Production well, 6 Injection well, 7 Hot water to district heating, 8 Porous sediments, 9 Observation well, 10 Crystalline bedrock

An enhanced geothermal system (EGS) generates geothermal electricity without natural convective hydrothermal resources. Traditionally, geothermal power systems operated only where naturally occurring heat, water, and rock permeability are sufficient to allow energy extraction.[1] However, most geothermal energy within reach of conventional techniques is in dry and impermeable rock.[2] EGS technologies expand the availability of geothermal resources through stimulation methods, such as 'hydraulic stimulation'.

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Overview

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In many rock formations natural cracks and pores do not allow water to flow at economic rates. Permeability can be enhanced by hydro-shearing, pumping high-pressure water down an injection well into naturally-fractured rock. The injection increases the fluid pressure in the rock, triggering shear events that expand pre-existing cracks and enhance the site's permeability. As long as the injection pressure is maintained, high permeability is not required, nor are hydraulic fracturing proppants required to maintain the fractures in an open state.[3]

Hydro-shearing is different from hydraulic tensile fracturing, used in the oil and gas industry, which can create new fractures in addition to expanding existing fractures.[4]

Water passes through the fractures, absorbing heat until forced to the surface as hot water. The water's heat is converted into electricity using either a steam turbine or a binary power plant system, which cools the water.[5] The water is cycled back into the ground to repeat the process.

EGS plants are baseload resources that produce power at a constant rate. Unlike hydrothermal, EGS is apparently feasible anywhere in the world, depending on the resource depth. Good locations are typically over deep granite covered by a 3–5 kilometres (1.9–3.1 mi) layer of insulating sediments that slow heat loss.[6]

Advanced drilling techniques penetrate hard crystalline rock at depths of up to or exceeding 15 km, which give access to higher-temperature rock (400 °C and above), as temperature increases with depth.[7]

EGS plants are expected to have an economic lifetime of 20–30 years.[8]

EGS systems are under development in Australia, France, Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States. The world's largest EGS project is a 25-megawatt demonstration plant in Cooper Basin, Australia. Cooper Basin has the potential to generate 5,000–10,000 MW.

Research and development

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Map of 64 EGS projects around the world

EGS technologies use a variety of methods to create additional flow paths. EGS projects have combined hydraulic, chemical, thermal, and explosive stimulation methods. Some EGS projects operate at the edges of hydrothermal sites where drilled wells intersect hot, yet impermeable, reservoir rocks. Stimulation methods enhance that permeability. The table below shows EGS projects around the world.[9][10]

Name Country State/region Year Start Stimulation method References
Mosfellssveit Iceland 1970 Thermal and hydraulic [11]
Fenton Hill USA New Mexico 1973 Hydraulic and chemical [12]
Bad Urach Germany 1977 Hydraulic [13]
Falkenberg Germany 1977 Hydraulic [14]
Rosemanowes UK 1977 Hydraulic and explosive [15]
Le Mayet France 1978 Hydraulic ,[16][17]
East Mesa USA California 1980 Hydraulic [18]
Krafla Iceland 1980 Thermal [19]
Baca USA New Mexico 1981 Hydraulic [18]
Geysers Unocal USA California 1981 Explosive [18]
Beowawe USA Nevada 1983 Hydraulic [18]
Bruchal Germany 1983 Hydraulic [20]
Fjällbacka Sweden 1984 Hydraulic and chemical [21]
Neustadt-Glewe [de] Germany 1984 [20]
Hijiori Japan 1985 Hydraulic [22]
Soultz France 1986 Hydraulic and chemical [23]
Altheim Austria 1989 Chemical [24]
Hachimantai Japan 1989 Hydraulic [25]
Ogachi Japan 1989 Hydraulic [26]
Sumikawa Japan 1989 Thermal [27]
Tyrnyauz Russia ` 1991 Hydraulic ,[28][29]
Bacman Philippines 1993 Chemical [30]
Seltjarnarnes Iceland 1994 Hydraulic [31]
Mindanao Philippines 1995 Chemical [32]
Bouillante France 1996 Thermal [33]
Leyte Philippines 1996 Chemical [34]
Hunter Valley Australia 1999 [8]
Groß Schönebeck Germany 2000 Hydraulic and chemical [35]
Tiwi Philippines 2000 Chemical [36]
Berlin El Salvador 2001 Chemical [37]
Cooper Basin: Habanero Australia 2002 Hydraulic [38]
Cooper Basin: Jolokia 1 Australia 2002 Hydraulic [38]
Coso USA California 1993, 2005 Hydraulic and chemical [39]
Hellisheidi Iceland 1993 Thermal [40]
Genesys: Horstberg Germany 2003 Hydraulic [41]
Landau [de] Germany 2003 Hydraulic [42]
Unterhaching Germany 2004 Chemical [43]
Salak Indonesia 2004 Chemical, thermal, hydraulic and cyclic pressure loading [44]
Olympic Dam Australia 2005 Hydraulic [45]
Paralana Australia 2005 Hydraulic and chemical [46]
Los Azufres Mexico 2005 Chemical [47]
Basel [de] Switzerland 2006 Hydraulic [48]
Larderello Italy 1983, 2006 Hydraulic and chemical [49]
Insheim Germany 2007 Hydraulic [50]
Desert Peak USA Nevada 2008 Hydraulic and chemical [51]
Brady Hot Springs USA Nevada 2008 Hydraulic [52]
Southeast Geysers USA California 2008 Hydraulic [53]
Genesys: Hannover Germany 2009 Hydraulic [54]
St. Gallen Switzerland 2009 Hydraulic and chemical [55]
New York Canyon USA Nevada 2009 Hydraulic [56]
Northwest Geysers USA California 2009 Thermal [57]
Newberry USA Oregon 2010 Hydraulic [58]
Mauerstetten Germany 2011 Hydraulic and chemical [59]
Soda Lake USA Nevada 2011 Explosive [60]
Raft River USA Idaho 1979, 2012 Hydraulic and thermal [61]
Blue Mountain USA Nevada 2012 Hydraulic [62]
Rittershoffen France 2013 Thermal, hydraulic and chemical [63]
Klaipėda Lithuania 2015 Jetting [64]
Otaniemi Finland 2016 Hydraulic [65]
South Hungary EGS Demo Hungary 2016 Hydraulic [66]
Pohang South Korea 2016 Hydraulic [67]
FORGE Utah USA Utah 2016 Hydraulic [68]
Reykjanes Iceland 2006, 2017 Thermal [69]
Roter Kamm (Schneeberg) Germany 2018 Hydraulic [70]
United Downs Deep Geothermal Power (Redruth) UK 2018 Hydraulic [71]
Eden (St Austell) UK 2018 Hydraulic [72]
Qiabuqia China 2018 Thermal and hydraulic [73]
Vendenheim France 2019 [74]
Project Red USA Nevada 2023 Hydraulic [75][76]
Cape Station USA Utah 2023 Hydraulic [77]

Australia

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Main article: Geothermal power in Australia

The Australian government has provided research funding for the development of Hot Dry Rock technology. Projects include Hunter Valley (1999), Cooper Basin: Habanero (2002), Cooper Basin: Jolokia 1 (2002), and Olympic Dam (2005).[78]

European Union

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The EU's EGS R&D project at Soultz-sous-Forêts, France, connects a 1.5 MW demonstration plant to the grid. The Soultz project explored the connection of multiple stimulated zones and the performance of triplet well configurations (1 injector/2 producers). Soultz is in the Alsace.

Induced seismicity in Basel led to the cancellation of the EGS project there.[citation needed]

The Portuguese government awarded, in December 2008, an exclusive license to Geovita Ltd to prospect and explore geothermal energy in one of the best areas in continental Portugal. Geovita is studying an area of about 500 square kilometers together with the Earth Sciences department of the University of Coimbra's Science and Technology faculty.[citation needed]

South Korea

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The Pohang EGS project started in December 2010, with the goal of producing 1 MW.[79]

The 2017 Pohang earthquake may have been linked to the activity of the Pohang EGS project. All research activities were stopped in 2018.

United Kingdom

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This section is an excerpt from United Downs Deep Geothermal Power.[edit]
United Downs Deep Geothermal Power is the United Kingdom's first geothermal electricity project. It is situated near Redruth in Cornwall, England. It is owned and operated by Geothermal Engineering (GEL), a private UK company. The drilling site is on the United Downs industrial estate, chosen for its geology, existing grid connection, proximity to access roads and limited impact on local communities.[80] Energy is extracted by cycling water through a naturally hot reservoir and using the heated water to drive a turbine to produce electricity and for direct heating. The company plans to begin delivering electricity (2 MWe) and heat (<10 MWth) in 2024. A lithium resource was discovered in the well.[81]

United States

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Early days — Fenton Hill

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The first EGS effort — then termed Hot Dry Rock — took place at Fenton Hill, New Mexico with a project run by the federal Los Alamos Laboratory.[82] It was the first attempt to make a deep, full-scale EGS reservoir.

The EGS reservoir at Fenton Hill was completed in 1977 at a depth of about 2.6 km, exploiting rock temperatures of 185 °C. In 1979 the reservoir was enlarged with additional hydraulic stimulation and was operated for about 1 year. The results demonstrated that heat could be extracted at reasonable rates from a hydraulically stimulated region of low-permeability hot crystalline rock. In 1986, a second reservoir was prepared for initial hydraulic circulation and heat extraction testing. In a 30-day flow test with a constant reinjection temperature of 20 °C, the production temperature steadily increased to about 190 °C, corresponding to a thermal power level of about 10 MW. Budget cuts ended the study.

2000-2010

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In 2009, The US Department of Energy (USDOE) issued two Funding Opportunity Announcements (FOAs) related to enhanced geothermal systems. Together, the two FOAs offered up to $84 million over six years. [83]

The DOE opened another FOA in 2009 using stimulus funding from the American Reinvestment and Recovery Act for $350 million, including $80 million aimed specifically at EGS projects,[84]

FORGE

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This section is an excerpt from Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy.[edit]
Frontier Observatory for Research in Geothermal Energy (FORGE) is a US government program supporting research into geothermal energy.[85] The FORGE site is near Milford, Utah, funded for up to $140 million. As of 2023, numerous test wells had been drilled, and flux measurements had been conducted, but energy production had not commenced.[86]

Cornell University — Ithaca, NY

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Developing EGS in conjunction with a district heating system is a part in Cornell University's Climate Action Plan for their Ithaca campus.[87] The project began in 2018 to determine feasibility, gain funding and monitor baseline seismicity.[88] The project received $7.2 million in USDOE funding.[89] A test well was to be drilled in spring of 2021, at a depth of 2.5 –5 km targeting rock with a temperature > 85 °C. The site is planned to supply 20% of the campus' annual heating load. Promising geological locations for reservoir were proposed in the Trenton-Black River formation (2.2 km) or in basement crystalline rock (3.5 km).[90] The 2 mile deep borehole was completed in 2022.[91]

EGS "earthshot"

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In September 2022, the Geothermal Technologies Office within the Department of Energy's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy announced an "Enhanced Geothermal Shot" as part of their Energy Earthshots campaign.[92] The goal of the Earthshot is to reduce the cost of EGS by 90%, to $45/megawatt hour by 2035.[93]

Other federal funding and support

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The Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act authorized $84 million to support EGS development through four demonstration projects.[94] The Inflation Reduction Act extended the production tax credit (PTC) for renewable energy sources (including geothermal) until 2024 and included geothermal energy in the new Clean Electricity PTC to begin in 2024.[95]

Induced seismicity

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Main article: Induced seismicity

Induced seismicity is earth tremors caused by human activity. Seismicity is common in EGS, because of the high pressures involved.[96][97] Seismicity events at the Geysers geothermal field in California are correlated with injection activity.[98]

Induced seismicity in Basel led the city to suspend its project and later cancel the project.[99]

According to the Australian government, risks associated with "hydrofracturing induced seismicity are low compared to that of natural earthquakes, and can be reduced by careful management and monitoring" and "should not be regarded as an impediment to further development".[100] Induced seismicity varies from site to site and should be assessed before large scale fluid injection.

EGS potential

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United States

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Geothermal power technologies.

A 2006 report by MIT,[8] funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, conducted the most comprehensive analysis to date on EGS. The report offered several significant conclusions:

  • Resource size: The report calculated United States total EGS resources at 3–10 km of depth to be over 13,000 zettajoules, of which over 200 ZJ were extractable, with the potential to increase this to over 2,000 ZJ with better technology.[8] It reported that geothermal resources, including hydrothermal and geo-pressured resources, to equal 14,000 ZJ — or roughly 140,000 times U.S. primary energy use in 2005.
  • Development potential: With an R&D investment of $1 billion over 15 years, the report estimated that 100 GWe (gigawatts of electricity) or more could be available by 2050 in the United States. The report further found that "recoverable" resources (accessible with today's technology) were between 1.2 and 12.2 TW for the conservative and moderate scenarios respectively.
  • Cost: The report claimed that EGS could produce electricity for as low as 3.9 cents/kWh. EGS costs were found to be sensitive to four main factors:
    1. Temperature of the resource
    2. Fluid flow through the system
    3. Drilling costs
    4. Power conversion efficiency

See also

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References

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