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Index, Washington

Coordinates: 47°49′15″N 121°33′14″W / 47.82083°N 121.55389°W / 47.82083; -121.55389
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Not to be confused with Index of Washington-related articles.

Index
x̌əx̌aʔusalʔtxʷ
Town
Index and surrounding mountains viewed from the Index Town Wall Trailhead
Index and surrounding mountains viewed from the Index Town Wall Trailhead
Location of Index, Washington
Location of Index, Washington
Coordinates: 47°49′15″N 121°33′14″W / 47.82083°N 121.55389°W / 47.82083; -121.55389
CountryUnited States
StateWashington
CountySnohomish
IncorporatedOctober 11, 1907
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorNorm Johnson
Area
[1]
 • Total0.23 sq mi (0.59 km2)
 • Land0.23 sq mi (0.59 km2)
 • Water0.00 sq mi (0.00 km2)
Elevation
577 ft (176 m)
Population
 (2020)[2]
 • Total155
 • Estimate 
(2022)[3]
156
 • Density673.91/sq mi (262.71/km2)
Time zoneUTC-8 (Pacific (PST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP code
98256
Area code360
FIPS code53-33175
GNIS feature ID1521157[4]

Index (Lushootseed: x̌əx̌aʔusalʔtxʷ)[5][a] is a town in Snohomish County, Washington, United States. The population was 155 at the 2020 census.

History

[edit]

Prior to settlement by European Americans, the Skykomish people had many villages along the Skykomish River between Sultan and Index. One large and important village of the bəsx̌əx̌əx̌alč[b] band was at x̌əx̌aʔusalʔtxʷ, the area now called Index. At the village were several longhouses, including a large potlatch house. x̌əx̌aʔusalʔtxʷ was the base camp for people traveling into the Cascades for hunting and gathering.[5]

Logging and lumber booms in the latter half of the 19th century led to the growth of minor settlements in the eastern part of what became Snohomish County in 1861. A gold strike in 1889 at nearby Monte Cristo fueled another influx of prospectors and settlers.[6] Index was founded in 1889 on the homestead of Amos Gunn, whose home was also a hotel for prospectors and surveyors.[7] The town was named by his wife Persis for nearby Mount Index (later renamed Baring Mountain),[8][9] itself named for its resemblance to an index finger.[7][10] The settlement gained a post office in 1891 and saw major growth after the arrival of the Great Northern Railway. Gunn filed his town plat for Index on April 25, 1893, three months before a major fire on July 22 destroyed most of its buildings.[11]

Index was officially incorporated on October 11, 1907. Its population peaked during the decade at 1,000 and has since declined to 200.[7][12] During its peak in the 1910s, the town had a granite quarry, copper mines, and a shingle mill.[8] The Index area had few jobs and services, with only a single restaurant and general store by the 1980s to serve a population of around 150.[13] Much of the town was damaged by a major flood in December 1980, but buildings and roads were later rebuilt by residents.[8]

The Snohomish County Public Utility District had planned to build a hydroelectric power plant at Sunset Falls near Index in the early 2010s, but abandoned the project after it was opposed by environmentalists and local residents.[14]

Index and neighboring areas were placed under mandatory evacuation orders on September 10, 2022, due to the nearby Bolt Creek Fire.[15] The order was modified two days later to allow residents to return to their homes, but U.S. Route 2 remained closed to most travel.[16]

Geography

[edit]

Index is located in the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains; the summit of Mount Index is located 3 miles (4.8 km) south of the town. The Index Town Walls, granite cliffs up to 500 feet (150 m) high, are located on the northern edge of the town. These walls are popularly used for rock climbing, offering a variety of high-quality cracks for this purpose.[17] According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has a total area of 0.23 square miles (0.60 km2), all of it land.[18]

Index is located on the North Fork Skykomish River, just above its confluence with the main channel of the Skykomish River. The Skykomish River's Sunset Falls, a nearly 300-foot-long (91 m) granite chute that drops some 100 feet (30 m), is located approximately 1 mile (1.6 km) from the town (on the South Fork Skykomish River).[citation needed] In December 1980, the Skykomish River flooded the town and destroyed eight homes.[19]

The town is located 1 mile (1.6 km) north of US Highway 2, approximately 25 miles (40 km) west of Stevens Pass. The BNSF Scenic Subdivision, formerly the Great Northern Railway Cascade Division, runs through the middle of the town. Index was once an important stop for mining (particularly Monte Cristo and Galena) and timber activities to the north.

A group of people posed around an automobile in front of the Index Hotel, Index, 1911.

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1910417—
1920412−1.2%
1930381−7.5%
1940217−43.0%
1950211−2.8%
1960158−25.1%
19701697.0%
1980147−13.0%
1990139−5.4%
200015712.9%
201017813.4%
2020155−12.9%
2022 (est.)156[3]0.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[20]

Index has a small population of around 200 permanent residents, many of whom are retirees or work locally, alongside seasonal residents living in vacation homes.[21] The town's population has declined since its peak in the 1890s of 1,000 residents.[12] As of the 2020 census, Index has 155 residents and is the smallest municipality in Snohomish County.[2][22]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the 2010 U.S. census, there were 178 people, 80 households, and 44 families living in the town. The population density was 773.9 inhabitants per square mile (298.8/km2). There were 116 housing units at an average density of 504.3 per square mile (194.7/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.5% White, 1.7% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, 0.6% from other races, and 1.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.5% of the population.[23]

There were 80 households, of which 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.3% were married couples living together, 12.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.0% were non-families. 41.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.5% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.23 and the average family size was 3.02.[23]

The median age in the town was 42 years. 22.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 5.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 24.1% were from 25 to 44; 35.5% were from 45 to 64; and 12.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the town was 47.2% male and 52.8% female.[23]

2000 census

[edit]

As of the 2000 census, there were 157 people, 75 households, and 39 families living in the town. The population density was 620.3 people per square mile (242.5/km2). There were 100 housing units at an average density of 395.1 per square mile (154.4/km2). The racial makeup of the town was 95.54% White, 1.27% Native American, 1.27% Asian, and 1.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.91% of the population.[24]

As of the 2000 census, there were 75 households, out of which 30.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 34.7% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 48.0% were non-families. 36.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.09, and the average family size was 2.67.[24]

In the town, the population was spread out, with 22.3% under the age of 18, 3.2% from 18 to 24, 29.9% from 25 to 44, 37.6% from 45 to 64, and 7.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 103.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 110.3 males.[24]

The median income for a household in the town was $43,125, and the median income for a family was $32,000. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $13,750 for females. The per capita income for the town was $22,023. About 17.5% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 29.3% of those under the age of 18 and none of those 65 or over.[24]

Economy

[edit]

Since the 20th century, the local economy has transitioned from resource extraction industries to tourism, particularly outdoor recreation in the summer months.[25] An outdoor shooting range on national forest property near Index was opened in 1947 and operated until 2004, including for several decades without a valid special use permit from the United States Forest Service. The range was permanently closed due to lead contamination.[26] Paradise Sound maintains a recording studio called Studio X where Jerry Cantrell and The Walkabouts have recorded albums.[citation needed]

The area had several granite quarries that were used to supply building materials for the Washington State Capitol Building and Smith Tower in Seattle.[27]

Government and politics

[edit]
Index Town Hall

Index is an incorporated town with a mayor–council form of government. The mayor and five-member town council are elected to four-year terms by registered residents. Index's government has three employed positions: a clerk for day-to-day management, a maintenance person, and a water distribution manager to oversee the water supply. The town contracts with the county government to provide additional services.[12] The town has had the highest voter turnout of any municipality in Snohomish County since 2013, with 60 percent of residents returning a ballot in the 2023 general election.[28]

At the federal level, Index is part of the 8th congressional district, which encompasses the eastern portions of the Snohomish, King, and Pierce counties as well as the entirety of Chelan and Kittitas counties.[29] It was part of the 1st congressional district until 2022, when the 8th district was extended into Snohomish County.[30] At the state level, the town is part of the 12th legislative district, which also crosses the Cascade Mountains and includes Skykomish, part of Snoqualmie, and all of Chelan County except for Wenatchee.[31][32] Index was previously part of the 39th legislative district until it was moved into the cross-mountain district as part of a redistricting compromise in 2022.[33] The town also lies within the Snohomish County Council's 5th district, which includes the Skykomish Valley, Snohomish, and Lake Stevens.[34]

Culture

[edit]

For many years, the Red Men Hall fraternal lodge, the largest building in town, served as the center for social life.[35] It collapsed in 2009 after a severe snowstorm and was subsequently demolished. Another historic building in Index, the Bush House, was named an endangered landmark by the Washington Trust for Historic Preservation.[36] The Bush House opened as a hotel in 1899 and closed in 2002 in a state of disrepair; it and underwent renovations from 2012 to 2017 for use as a hotel, restaurant, and event venue.[37] A new restaurant at the hotel was opened in June 2023.[38]

The Index area has been used for several film and television productions, including the 1987 film Harry and the Hendersons and 2016 film Captain Fantastic.[39]

Religion

[edit]

The town is home to the Aquarian Tabernacle Church, a Wicca church that was established in Seattle and moved to Index in 1979. The church was among the first modern Pagan institutions to be recognized by the state government; it also operates an online seminary based in Index. The area is also home to a Protestant Christian church.[40]

Education

[edit]

The Index School District serves the town and surrounding areas in the southeast corner of Snohomish County.[41] It has a single combined elementary–middle school with an enrollment of 28 students and three full-time teachers as of 2020.[42] The school building was constructed in the early 1950s, replacing an earlier high school and separate middle and elementary schools, and renovated in 2019.[35][43] Since the closure of Index's lone high school in 1955, students are bused to Sultan Senior High School.[35]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]

Index is located 1 mile (1.6 km) northeast of U.S. Route 2 (US 2), which connects Everett to the Skykomish Valley and Stevens Pass. The town is connected to US 2 by Index–Galena Road,[44] which continues northeast into the Wild Sky Wilderness. A flood in November 2006 washed out a section of the road beyond Index at milepost 6.4.[45] The road was reopened in November 2023 after a three-year repair project that relocated sections to higher ground and added new culverts and bridges. The project cost $29 million to complete and was mostly funded by the federal government.[25][46]

The town's road bridge over the Skykomish River North Fork was built in 1922 and rehabilitated in 1981. It was replaced by a new bridge in 1999.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ huh-HAH-oo-salt; lit. "Little Sawbill house"
  2. ^ bes-huh-huh-HALCH; meaning "sword fern people"

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on March 11, 2022. Retrieved August 7, 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Profile: Index town, Washington". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  3. ^ a b "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Incorporated Places in Washington: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2022". United States Census Bureau. May 2023. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  4. ^ "Index, Washington". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. September 10, 1979. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Hollenbeck, Jan L.; Moss, Madonna (1987). A Cultural Resource Overview: Prehistory, Ethnography and History: Mt. Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest. United States Forest Service. pp. 161–164. OCLC 892024380. Archived from the original on March 29, 2019. Retrieved January 5, 2019 – via HathiTrust.
  6. ^ "Snohomish County -- Thumbnail History". Archived from the original on June 9, 2010. Retrieved January 12, 2009.
  7. ^ a b c Graydon, Don (September 6, 1997). "Small town 'on brink of change'". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. p. D1.
  8. ^ a b c Cameron, David A.; LeWarne, Charles P.; May, M. Allan; O'Donnell, Jack C.; O'Donnell, Lawrence E. (2005). Snohomish County: An Illustrated History. Index, Washington: Kelcema Books LLC. pp. 96, 348. ISBN 978-0-9766700-0-1. OCLC 62728798.
  9. ^ Meany, Edmond S. (1923). Origin of Washington geographic names. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 119. Archived from the original on May 10, 2017. Retrieved August 14, 2016.
  10. ^ Phillips, James W. (1971). Washington State Place Names. University of Washington Press. p. 65. ISBN 0-295-95158-3. OCLC 1052713900. Retrieved November 18, 2019 – via The Internet Archive.
  11. ^ Whitfield, William M. (1926). History of Snohomish County, Washington. Chicago: Pioneer Historical Publishing Company. p. 610. OCLC 8437390. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2020 – via HathiTrust.
  12. ^ a b c Snohomish County Natural Hazard Mitigation Plan Update, Volume 2: Planning Partner Annexes (Report). Snohomish County. September 2015. p. 7-1. Archived from the original on April 25, 2017. Retrieved April 12, 2020.
  13. ^ Shaw, Linda (October 28, 1987). "Main Streets: Index plays against rugged backdrop". The Seattle Times. p. H1.
  14. ^ Stevick, Eric (April 11, 2018). "Snohomish County PUD scraps Skykomish River hydroelectric dam". The Everett Herald. Archived from the original on March 5, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  15. ^ Turner, Nicholas; Zhou, Amanda; Brunner, Jim (September 11, 2022). "Index residents told to leave as Bolt Creek fire spreads". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 23, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  16. ^ Gutman, David (September 13, 2022). "Index evacuation order eased; residents allowed home amid Bolt Creek fire". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on September 24, 2022. Retrieved September 24, 2022.
  17. ^ Cramer, Darryl (2000). Sky Valley Rock. Sky Valley Press. ISBN 0-9678531-0-9.
  18. ^ "2018 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on September 15, 2019. Retrieved February 16, 2020.
  19. ^ Gullien, Tomas (December 27, 1980). "Index residents keep wary eye on surging Skykomish". The Seattle Times. p. A3.
  20. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 26, 2013.
  21. ^ Sanders, Julia-Grace (May 23, 2020). "The town the virus seemed to miss: No cases counted in Index". The Everett Herald. Archived from the original on June 1, 2020. Retrieved May 23, 2020.
  22. ^ Thompson, Joseph (August 13, 2021). "2020 Census: Snohomish County grows by more than 114,000". The Everett Herald. Retrieved March 22, 2024.
  23. ^ a b c "Decennial Census Tables". United States Census Bureau. September 2011. Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved May 26, 2020.
  24. ^ a b c d "Profile of General Demographic Characteristics: Index town, Washington" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2020 – via Puget Sound Regional Council.
  25. ^ a b Bryan, Zachariah (June 6, 2021). "Wilderness awaits beyond the washout on Index-Galena Road". The Everett Herald. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  26. ^ Bray, Kari (April 3, 2016). "Forest Service to get the lead out of former Index shooting range". The Everett Herald. Retrieved February 11, 2024.
  27. ^ Jones, Iris (January 28, 1999). "Index draws visitors year-round". The Bellingham Herald. p. 8. Retrieved February 9, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  28. ^ Hansen, Jordan (December 4, 2023). "Index, smallest town in Snohomish County, is No. 1 in voter turnout". The Everett Herald. Retrieved December 23, 2023.
  29. ^ Census Bureau Geography Division (2023). 118th Congress of the United States: Washington – Congressional District 8 (PDF) (Map). 1:368,000. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  30. ^ Cornfield, Jerry (October 25, 2022). "Snohomish County in middle of key battle for control of U.S. House". The Everett Herald. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  31. ^ Washington State Legislative & Congressional District Map (PDF) (Map). Washington State Redistricting Commission. July 2024. Puget Sound inset. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  32. ^ Cornfield, Jerry (November 24, 2021). "Proposed political map links cities from Monroe to Wenatchee". The Everett Herald. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  33. ^ Cornfield, Jerry (December 3, 2021). "State Supreme Court declines to draw new redistricting plan". The Everett Herald. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  34. ^ Snohomish County: County Council Districts (Map). Snohomish County Elections. May 12, 2022. Retrieved January 16, 2024.
  35. ^ Smith, Debra (May 31, 2009). "Saving a historic hotel in Index". The Everett Herald. Archived from the original on June 5, 2009. Retrieved July 24, 2019.
  36. ^ Muhlstein, Julie (July 3, 2017). "Couple faithfully renovating historic 1899 Bush House in Index". The Everett Herald. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  37. ^ Haun, Riley (June 30, 2023). "Get a modern taste of Index history at North Fork Kitchen". The Everett Herald. Retrieved February 9, 2024.
  38. ^ Schucht, Eric (August 26, 2023). "BigFoot, Zombies and Viggo Mortensen: What's been filmed near Index?". The Everett Herald. Retrieved August 30, 2023.
  39. ^ Barker, Annie (March 16, 2024). "Pagan church finds 'sacred space between the worlds' on Index riverfront". The Everett Herald. Retrieved March 16, 2024.
  40. ^ Snohomish County School Districts Map (PDF) (Map). Snohomish County. December 21, 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 29, 2020. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  41. ^ "Public School District Directory Information: Index School District". National Center for Education Statistics. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  42. ^ Davey, Stephanie (June 18, 2019). "Come fall, Index students will see changes to the old school". The Everett Herald. Archived from the original on March 15, 2022. Retrieved March 15, 2022.
  43. ^ McQuaide, Mike (June 29, 2011). "A mile-by-mile driving, hiking and roadside-wonders guide to scenic Stevens Pass". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  44. ^ Haglund, Noah (January 15, 2018). "Work on damaged Index-Galena route could begin in 2019". The Everett Herald. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 2, 2019.
  45. ^ Hansen, Jordan (November 5, 2023). "'The best day in 17 years': Locals revel in Index-Galena Road reopening". The Everett Herald. Retrieved December 22, 2023.
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