Jump to content

Japantown

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
"Little Japan" redirects here. For the pejorative, see Xiao Riben.
For historical Japanese communities in early modern Southeast and East Asia, see Nihonmachi.
Japantown
Liberdade in São Paulo, Brazil
Japanese name
Kanji日本人街
Kanaにほんじんがい
Transcriptions
RomanizationNihonjin-gai
Kunrei-shikiNihonzin-gai

Japantown (日本人街) is a common name for Japanese communities in cities and towns outside Japan. Alternatively, a Japantown may be called J-town, Little Tokyo or Nihonmachi (日本町), the first two being common names for Japantown, San Francisco, Japantown, San Jose and Little Tokyo, Los Angeles.

History

[edit]
See also: Japanese diaspora
Japanese people living in the Philippines as portrayed in the Boxer codex (1590)

Historically, Japantowns represented the Japanese diaspora and its individual members known as nikkei (日系), who are Japanese emigrants from Japan and their descendants that reside in a foreign country. Emigration from Japan first happened and was recorded as early as the 12th century to the Philippines,[1] but did not become a mass phenomenon until the Meiji Era, when Japanese began to go to the Philippines,[2] North America, and beginning in 1897 with 35 emigrants to Mexico;[3] and later to Peru, beginning in 1899 with 790 emigrants.[4] There was also significant emigration to the territories of the Empire of Japan during the colonial period; however, most such emigrants repatriated to Japan after the end of World War II in Asia.[5]

For a brief period in the 16th–17th centuries, Japanese overseas activity and presence in Southeast Asia and elsewhere in the region boomed. Sizeable Japanese communities, known as Nihonmachi, could be found in many of the major ports and political centers of the region, where they exerted significant political and economic influence.

The Japanese had been active on the seas and across the region for centuries, traveling for commercial, political, religious and other reasons. The 16th century, however, saw a dramatic increase in such travel and activity. The internal strife of the Sengoku period caused a great many people, primarily samurai, commoner merchants, and Christian refugees to seek their fortunes across the seas. Many of the samurai who fled Japan around this time were those who stood on the losing sides of various major conflicts; some were rōnin, some veterans of the Japanese invasions of Korea or of various other major conflicts. As Toyotomi Hideyoshi and later the Tokugawa shōguns issued repeated bans on Christianity, many fled the country; a significant portion of those settled in Catholic Manila.[6]

In western countries such as Canada and the United States, the Japanese tended to integrate with society so that many if not all Japantowns are in danger of completely disappearing, with the remaining only existing in San Francisco, San Jose, and Los Angeles, California.[7]

Characteristics

[edit]

The features described below are characteristic of many modern Japantowns.

Japanese architectural styles

[edit]
Main article: Japanese architecture
The five-tiered Peace Pagoda made of concrete in San Francisco

Many historical Japantowns will exhibit architectural styles that reflect the Japanese culture. Japanese architecture has traditionally been typified by wooden structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. Sliding doors (fusuma) were used in place of walls, allowing the internal configuration of a space to be customized for different occasions. People usually sat on cushions or otherwise on the floor, traditionally; chairs and high tables were not widely used until the 20th century. Since the 19th century, however, Japan has incorporated much of Western, modern, and post-modern architecture into construction and design.

The Japanese Village Plaza in Los Angeles' Little Tokyo

Japanese language

[edit]
Main articles: Japanese language and Japanese dialects

Many Japantowns will exhibit the use of the Japanese language in signage existing on road signs and on buildings as Japanese which is the official and primary language of Japan. Japanese has a lexically distinct pitch-accent system. Early Japanese is known largely on the basis of its state in the 8th century, when the three major works of Old Japanese were compiled. The earliest attestation of the Japanese language is in a Chinese document from 252 AD.

Japanese is written with a combination of three scripts: hiragana, derived from the Chinese cursive script, katakana, derived as a shorthand from Chinese characters, and kanji, imported from China. The Latin alphabet, rōmaji, is also often used in modern Japanese, especially for company names and logos, advertising, and when inputting Japanese into a computer. The Hindu–Arabic numerals are generally used for numbers, but traditional Sino–Japanese numerals are also common.

Locations

[edit]
Japanese diaspora
日系人
Total population
About 3,600,000[8]
Regions with significant populations
 Brazil1,600,000[9][10][11]
 United States1,404,286[12]
 China127,282[13]note
 Philippines120,000[14][15]
 Canada109,740[16]
 Peru103,949[17]
 Thailand78,431 (2022, Japanese nationality onlynote)[18]
 Australia72,000[19]
 Germany70,000[20]
 Argentina65,000[21][22]
 United Kingdom63,011[23]
 South Korea58,169[24]note
 Mexico35,000[25]
 France30,947[13]note
 Singapore27,525[26]
 Hong Kong27,429[27]
 Vietnam17,266 (2017, Japanese nationality onlynote)[28]
 Malaysia22,000[29]
 Micronesia20,000[30]
 Indonesia14,720[31]
 New Zealand14,118[32]
 Bolivia14,000[33]
 Netherlands10,460[34]
 Spain8,720[35]
 India8,398[36][37]
 New Caledonia8,000[38]
 Italy7,556[39]note
 Paraguay7,000[40]
 Belgium6,519
 Marshall Islands6,000[41]
 Sweden5,235
 Palau5,000[42]
 Macau4,200[43]
  Switzerland4,071[13]note
 Austria3,500[44]
 Uruguay3,456[45]note
 Cambodia3,363 (2022, Japanese nationality onlynote)[46]
 Ireland3,122[47]
 Colombia3,000[48]note
 Chile2,600[1]
 Russia1,700[citation needed]
 Pakistan1,500[citation needed]
 Qatar1,000[49]
Related ethnic groups
Ryukyuan diaspora
^ note: The population of naturalized Japanese people and their descendants is unknown. Only the number of the permanent residents with Japanese nationality is shown, except for the United States, where ancestral origin is recorded independent of nationality.

Americas

[edit]

Japantowns were created because of the widespread immigration of Japanese to America in the Meiji period (1868–1912). At that time, many Japanese were poor and sought economic opportunities in the United States. Japanese immigrants initially settled in Western parts of the US and Canada.

At one time, there were 43 different Japantowns in California,[50] ranging from several square blocks of Little Tokyo in Los Angeles, to one in the small farming community of Marysville in Yuba County. Besides typical businesses, these communities usually had Japanese language schools for the immigrants' children, Japanese language newspapers, Buddhist and Christian churches, and sometimes Japanese hospitals.[51] After the World War II internment of the Japanese, most of those communities declined significantly or disappeared altogether.

There are currently four recognized Japantowns left in the United States, which are facing issues such as commercialization, reconstruction, gentrification and dwindling Japanese populations.[52]

Argentina

[edit]
See also: Japanese Argentines
  • Colonia Urquiza is the Japanese district in La Plata, Argentina. Colonia Urquiza is the largest Japanese district in Argentina, and concentrates many institutions such as schools, restaurants and training centers.[53]

Brazil

[edit]
See also: Japanese Brazilians

Canada

[edit]
See also: Japanese Canadians and Japanese Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area
Kids at play in 1927 in Japantown, Vancouver

Several Japantowns emerged in the British Columbia's Lower Mainland during the early 20th century, including Japantown, Vancouver.[55] Steveston in Richmond, British Columbia was another community whose population in 1942 was primarily made up of people of Japanese descent.[56] However, these communities were dispersed after Japanese Canadians were interned during World War II.[55][56]

In the early 21st century, a Little Japan has emerged around Bay and Dundas Street in Toronto, Ontario.[57]

Canadian municipalities with Japanese populations higher than the national average (0.3%) include:

Mexico

[edit]
See also: Japanese Mexicans
  • Little Tokyo, Cuauhtémoc, Mexico City this neighborhood in the Cuauhtémoc district is home to many Japanese establishments from restaurants, ramen houses, Japanese bars, Japanese book stores, Japanese hotels and many other businesses catering to the Japanese community in the city as well as to the locals and tourists. Future plans for the neighborhood include a welcoming torii and Japanese style lanterns along the streets on Little Tokyo as designation markers of the "Barrio Japonés" and many other cultural markers.
  • Aguilas, Mexico City neighborhood in Mexico City. This part of the city is home to many Mexicans of Japanese origin.. Japanese clubs and restaurants as well as the Japanese gardens. This area was mainly settled by many Japanese during WWII as the Mexican government concentrated many Japanese nationals in this area. Today it is a thriving part of the city with many Japanese institutions for the Nikkei community.
  • Acacoyagua, Chiapas. Acacoyagua is to this day the oldest Japanese colony in Latin America. It is a colony from the late 1800s where Japan sent off citizens to populate other parts of the world because of overpopulation at the time. The Enomoto Colony tried to farm coffee seeing the success of the neighboring German colonies in the Soconusco region. The colony prospered and to this day maintains their Japanese identity in the region. A Torii has been erected to welcome visitors as many institutions and buildings have Japanese cultural markers, especially in the Central Park. The descendants are very proud of their culture and have very strong ties to Japan, including welcoming the Crown Prince of Japan And Japanese festivals.

Peru

[edit]
See also: Japanese Peruvians

United States

[edit]
See also: Japanese Americans
Looking across Post Street north on Buchanan Street in San Francisco's Japantown

Prior to World War II, there were countless Japantowns across the country with over 40 in California alone. The mass evacuation and incarceration of Japanese Americans in the wake of Executive Order 9066 resulted in the loss of tens of thousands of Japanese American properties and businesses, effectively erasing many of the historic Japantowns across the country as their old neighborhoods were quickly occupied by new families who had moved in during their absence and were further obliterated in urban renewal projects of the 1950s and 60s.[58]

Even the surviving Japantowns are a shadow of their former selves as later generations scattered and dispersed across the country as pre-war housing covenants began to be lifted in the 1960s, and now cater more to tourists and the greater Asian Pacific communities.[59]

Designated Japantown areas remain in the following areas:

Concentrated and historical Japanese populations in the United States
[edit]

Northern California: In addition to Japantown districts in San Francisco and San Jose, suburbs and neighborhoods with significant Japanese American populations, histories, and/or previously recognized Japantowns included:[60]

Southern California:

Pacific Islands:

See also: Japanese in Hawaii
  • Honolulu, Hawaii - constituted 43% of Hawaii's population in 1920. They now number about 16.7%.

Elsewhere in western U.S.

Sakura Square, Denver, Colorado

Eastern U.S.:

Asia

[edit]

Cambodia

[edit]

China

[edit]
See also: Japanese in China
  • Gubei, Shanghai, a residential area which has many expatriates from Japan. It is informally referred to as a "Little Tokyo." There is a Takashimaya department store in Gubei.[65]

India

[edit]
See also: Japanese in India

Malaysia

[edit]
See also: Japanese migration to Malaysia

In the late 2000s, Malaysia began to become a popular destination for Japanese retirees. Malaysia My Second Home retirement programme received 513 Japanese applicants from 2002 until 2006. Motivations for choosing Malaysia include the low cost of real-estate and of hiring home care workers. Such retirees sometimes refer to themselves ironically as economic migrants or even economic refugees, referring to the fact that they could not afford as high a quality of life in retirement, or indeed to retire at all, were they still living in Japan.

Philippines

[edit]
See also: Japanese in the Philippines
  • Japantown, Makati Philippines at Top of The Glo Glorietta Mall
    Little Tokyo (Mintal) in Davao City (1936)
  • Japantown, Paco, Manila
  • Japantown, Iloilo City
  • Japantown, Cebu City
  • Japantown, Mandaue
  • Japantown, Davao City
  • Little Tokyo, Davao City
  • Little Tokyo, Makati. This Japanese neighborhood can be found along the stretch of Chino Roces Avenue and neighboring streets in the area approximately between Rufino Street and Arnaiz Avenue.[68]
  • Mintal, a barangay in Davao City known as Little Tokyo.
  • Little Kyoto, Cebu City[69][70][71]

Singapore

[edit]
See also: Japanese expatriates in Singapore

South Korea

[edit]

Taiwan

[edit]

Vietnam

[edit]
See also: Japanese in Vietnam

Concentrated and historical Japanese populations in Asia

[edit]
Indonesia
[edit]
See also: Japanese in Indonesia
  • Parts of Jakarta's shopping district of Blok M has been developed into the formation of Japanese-oriented facilities, including clusters of restaurants, spas, and cafés; earning the nickname "Little Tokyo", as it is also coupled with the high density of Japanese expats living around the area.[73]
Pakistan
[edit]
See also: Japanese in Pakistan
  • There is an active Japanese presence (including multinational companies and expatriates) in industrial areas of Karachi, such as Port Qasim. During the 1980s and 1990s, there were over 2,000 Japanese living in Karachi, making them one of the significant expatriate communities in the country. Now, the community has shrunk to a few hundred.[74] There is also a Karachi Japanese School.[75]
Thailand
[edit]
See also: Japanese migration to Thailand
  • In Bangkok a Japanese population lives in and around Sukhumvit Road, Thong Lo and Phrompong. Many of the apartment complexes are rented solely to Japanese people (although they are owned by Thais), and there are Japanese grocery shops, restaurants, bars, dry cleaning, clubs, etc. in and around Phrompong.
  • In Si Racha a Japanese population lives in and around the city center as the second largest Japanese community outside Bangkok.
  • In Chiangmai a Japanese population lives around the city center as the popular place for Japanese retirees with good weather and less crowded city.
  • In Ayutthaya a growing number of Japanese population returns and lives in and around Rojana Road close to many Japanese companies, the city also well known place of the first Japanese quarter in Thailand dated back to 16th century, the Ban Yipun.

Europe

[edit]
Eko Haus of Japanese Culture

Germany

[edit]

United Kingdom

[edit]
See also: Japanese in the United Kingdom and Japanese in London
Japanese Village in Knightsbridge, 1886

France

[edit]
See also: Japanese in France and Japanese in Paris

Spain

[edit]
See also: Japanese in Spain

Since the late 1970s-early 1980s many Japanese companies chose Spain to set themselves.

The Netherlands

[edit]

Oceania

[edit]

Australia

[edit]
See also: Japanese Australians

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Kekai Manansala, Paul. "Philippine Civilization, Culture and Technology".
  2. ^ Shiraishi, Saya; Shiraishi, Takashi, eds. (1993). The Japanese in Colonial Southeast Asia. SEAP Publications. p. 157. ISBN 9780877274025. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  3. ^ Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA), Japan: Japan-Mexico relations
  4. ^ Palm, Hugo. "Desafíos que nos acercan," Archived 2009-04-15 at the Wayback Machine El Comercio (Lima, Peru). March 12, 2008.
  5. ^ Azuma, Eiichiro (2005). "Brief Historical Overview of Japanese Emigration". International Nikkei Research Project. Archived from the original on 2007-02-19. Retrieved 2007-02-02.
  6. ^ Wray. p8.
  7. ^ "SF Japantown's Last Hurrah". Archived from the original on 2014-02-26. Retrieved 2014-02-22.
  8. ^ "- the Association of Nikkei & Japanese Abroad". Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2014.
  9. ^ "Japan-Brazil Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  10. ^ "Centenário da Imigração Japonesa - Reportagens - Nipo-brasileiros estão mais presentes no Norte e no Centro-Oeste do Brasil". japao100.com.br. Archived from the original on 2017-08-13. Retrieved 2018-02-03.
  11. ^ "ブラジル基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  12. ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). "American FactFinder - Results". census.gov. Archived from the original on 2016-10-12.
  13. ^ a b c "Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas" (PDF). Mofa.go.jp. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  14. ^ Agnote, Dario (October 11, 2006). "A glimmer of hope for castoffs". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2016.
  15. ^ Ohno, Shun (2006). "The Intermarried issei and mestizo nisei in the Philippines". In Adachi, Nobuko (ed.). Japanese diasporas: Unsung pasts, conflicting presents, and uncertain futures. Routledge. p. 97. ISBN 978-1-135-98723-7.
  16. ^ "File not found - Fichier non trouvé". statcan.gc.ca.
  17. ^ "Japan-Peru Relations". mofa.go.jp. 2012-11-27. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  18. ^ タイ基礎データ [Kingdom of Thailand basic data]. Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan) (in Japanese). Archived from the original on 2024-02-25. Retrieved November 19, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  19. ^ "3412.0 - Migration, Australia, 2013-14". abs.gov.au. 17 June 2021.
  20. ^ "BiB - Bundesinstitut für Bevölkerungsforschung - Pressemitteilungen - Zuwanderung aus außereuropäischen Ländern fast verdoppelt". Bib-demografie.de. Archived from the original on 9 December 2017. Retrieved 22 August 2017.
  21. ^ "Japan-Argentine Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  22. ^ "Argentina inicia una nueva etapa en su relación con Japón". Telam.com.ar. Retrieved November 21, 2016.
  23. ^ Itoh, p. 7.
  24. ^ "통계 - 국내 체류외국인 140만명으로 다문화사회 진입 가속화". dmcnews.kr. Archived from the original on 26 January 2016.
  25. ^ Lizcano Fernández, Francisco (May–August 2005). "Composición Étnica de las Tres Áreas Culturales del Continente Americano al Comienzo del Siglo XXI" (PDF). Revista Convergencia (in Spanish). 12 (38). Toluca, Mexico: Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México: 201. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2013. Retrieved 28 January 2015.
  26. ^ "MOFA Japan". 3 December 2014.
  27. ^ "海外在留邦人数調査統計（平成２８年要約版）" [Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas (Heisei 28 Summary Edition)] (PDF) (in Japanese). October 1, 2015. p. 32. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  28. ^ "Japan-Vietnam Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved November 19, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  29. ^ "マレーシア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  30. ^ "Letter from the Embassy of the Federated States of Micronesia" (PDF). Mra.fm. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  31. ^ "インドネシア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  32. ^ "5. – Japanese – Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand". teara.govt.nz.
  33. ^ "ボリビア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  34. ^ "Japan-Netherlands Relations (Basic Data)". mofa.go.jp.
  35. ^ "Japanese culture celebrated in Barcelona". catalannews.com. 31 May 2018.
  36. ^ "海外在留邦人数調査統計（平成２８年要約版）" [Annual Report of Statistics on Japanese Nationals Overseas (Heisei 28 Summary Edition)] (PDF) (in Japanese). October 1, 2015. p. 30. Retrieved November 10, 2016.
  37. ^ See also Japanese people in India
  38. ^ "Tourism New Caledonia - Prepare your trip in New Caledonia" (PDF). newcaledonia.co.nz. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008.
  39. ^ "外務省: ご案内- ご利用のページが見つかりません" (PDF). mofa.go.jp.
  40. ^ "Japan-Paraguay Relations". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan.
  41. ^ Rachel Pritchett. "Pacific Islands President, Bainbridge Lawmakers Find Common Ground". BSUN. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011.
  42. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 4 December 2010.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  43. ^ "Macau Population Census". Census Bureau of Macau. May 2012. Retrieved 22 July 2016.
  44. ^ "Japan and Austria – 150 years of friendship". society.at. 29 June 2020.
  45. ^ "ウルグアイ基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  46. ^ "Japan-Cambodia Relations (Basic Data)". Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan). Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved November 19, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  47. ^ "Japan-Ireland Relations (Overview)". mofa.go.jp.
  48. ^ "コロンビア基礎データ ｜ 外務省". 外務省.
  49. ^ "Qatar's population - by nationality". bq Magazine. Archived from the original on 21 December 2014.
  50. ^ Donna Graves; Gail Dubrow. "Preserving California's Japantowns". Preserving California's Japantowns. Retrieved 2006-11-04.
  51. ^ "A History of Japanese Americans in California: HISTORIC SITES". National Park Service. Archived from the original on 2011-01-04. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  52. ^ Kori-Kai Yoshida (2006-06-24). "Community Leaders Discuss State of California's J-Towns". Nichi Bei Times, reprinted at Rafu Shimpo Online. Los Angeles News Publishing Co. Archived from the original on 2010-12-23. Retrieved August 18, 2010.
  53. ^ http://sur.infonews.com/notas/la-pequena-japon-argenta Archived 2014-01-07 at the Wayback Machine La pequeña japon argenta
  54. ^ Geromel, Ricardo (2013-07-12). "All You Need To Know About Sao Paulo, Brazil's Largest City". Forbes. Archived from the original on 2022-10-01. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  55. ^ a b Farris, Andrew (2018). "Vancouver's Japanese Canadian Community". onthisspot.ca. On The Spot Enterprise. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  56. ^ a b Cheung, Christopher (20 June 2015). "As Steveston's Japanese Community Shrinks, Its History Grows". thetyee.ca. The Tyee. Retrieved 8 December 2021.
  57. ^ "Japanese influence is seeping into downtown Toronto | the Star". Toronto Star. 11 May 2016.
  58. ^ "California Japantowns". California Japanese American Community Leadership Council (CJACLC). Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  59. ^ Okamura, Raymond (December 1988). Five Views: An Ethnic Historic Site Survey for California. California Department of Parks and Recreation Office of Historic Preservation. ISBN 978-0941925112.
  60. ^ Pease, Ben (22 March 2008). "Japantown Atlas". California State Library: California Civil Liberties Public Education Project (CCLPEP).
  61. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-06-28. Retrieved 2014-04-05.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  62. ^ "Japantown, Portland (Nihonmachi)". www.oregonencyclopedia.org.
  63. ^ Elaine Jarvik (2007-01-22). "Salt Lake street may honor Japantown". Deseret News archives. Deseret News Publishing Company. Retrieved April 19, 2011.
  64. ^ "Little Tokyo in Phnom Penh and the growing Japanese-Cambodian relationship". heartlanderoverseas.wordpress.com. 26 June 2022. Retrieved 17 November 2023.
  65. ^ 2011年统计用区划代码和城乡划分代码：虹桥镇 (in Chinese). National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  66. ^ "2011年按區議會分區、國籍及在港居住年期劃分的人口 (A208)". Archived from the original on 2015-05-26. Retrieved 2015-05-26.
  67. ^ 香港淺草　日本人愛紅磡　下町飲食街
  68. ^ "Here's Your Ultimate Guide to Little Tokyo, Makati".
  69. ^ "Sachiko's Little Kyoto: Japan Feels in Cebu City". sugbo.ph. August 19, 2021.
  70. ^ "Sachiko's Little Kyoto: Japan Feels in Cebu City". 19 August 2021.
  71. ^ "Sachiko's Little Kyoto: A Little Slice of Japan in Cebu". 7 November 2021.
  72. ^ "Little Tokyo in the heart of Saigon". Tuoi Tre News. 2018-05-14. Archived from the original on 2022-09-01. Retrieved 2022-10-03.
  73. ^ Blok M: Jakarta's Little Tokyo
  74. ^ "Karachi: Enclave for Japanese investors at Port Qasim".[permanent dead link]
  75. ^ Karachi Japanese School
  76. ^ a b Schulte, Alexander (2020-03-12). "Warum es die Japaner nach Düsseldorf zog". Remscheider General-Anzeiger (in German). Archived from the original on 2020-10-29. Retrieved 2022-10-23.
  77. ^ "Buhicrosan, Tannaker, 1839–1894", Library of Congress, accessed 19 September 2020
  78. ^ British history online, 'Knightsbridge Green Area: Scotch Corner and the High Road', Survey of London: volume 45: Knightsbridge (2000), pp. 79-88
  79. ^ Cortazzi, Sir Hugh (2009). Japan in Late Victorian London: The Japanese Native Village in Knightsbridge and 'The Mikado', 1885. Sainsbury Institute. ISBN 978-0954592110.
  80. ^ "Born abroad - an immigration map of Britain: Japan". BBC News.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japantown&oldid=1250259321"