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Johannes Steinhoff

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Johannes Steinhoff
Steinhoff in 1966
Chairman of the NATO Military Committee
In office
1971–1974
Preceded bySir Nigel Henderson
Succeeded bySir Peter Hill-Norton
Inspector of the Air Force
In office
1966–1970
Preceded byWerner Panitzki
Succeeded byGünther Rall
Personal details
Born(1913-09-15)15 September 1913
Bottendorf, Province of Saxony, Prussia, Germany
Died21 February 1994(1994-02-21) (aged 80)
Wachtberg-Pech, Northrhine-Westphalia, Germany
Resting placeCemetery in Villip, Wachtberg
SpouseUrsula Steinhoff
RelationsLudwig Hahn (brother-in-law)
Michael Bird (son-in-law)
AwardsKnight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords
Great Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Grand Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic
American Legion of Merit
French Legion of Honour
NicknameMacky
Military service
Allegiance Nazi Germany (to 1945)
 West Germany
Branch/service Luftwaffe
 German Air Force
Years of service1934–1945
1955–1974
RankOberst (Wehrmacht)
General (Bundeswehr)
UnitJG 26, JG 52, JG 77, Kommando Nowotny, JG 7 and JV 44
CommandsII./JG 52, JG 77 and JG 7
Battles/wars
See battles

World War II

Cold War

Johannes "Macky" Steinhoff (15 September 1913 – 21 February 1994) was a Luftwaffe fighter ace during World War II, German general, and NATO official. He was one of very few Luftwaffe pilots who survived to fly operationally through the whole of the war period 1939–45 until he was severely burned during a failed take-off. Steinhoff was also one of the highest-scoring pilots with 176 victories, and one of the first to fly the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet fighter in combat as a member of the Jagdverband 44 squadron led by Adolf Galland. Steinhoff was decorated with the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords, and later received the Great Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany and several foreign awards including the American Legion of Merit and the French Legion of Honour. He played a role in the so-called Fighter Pilots' Revolt late in the war, when several senior air force officers confronted Hermann Göring.

Steinhoff joined the West German government's Rearmament Office as a consultant on military aviation in 1952 and became one of the principal officials tasked with rebuilding the German Air Force through the Cold War. In retirement, Steinhoff became a widely read author of books on German military aviation during the Second World War and the experiences of the German people at that time.

Early years

[edit]

Johannes Steinhoff was born on 15 September 1913 in Bottendorf, Thuringia, the son of an agricultural mill-worker and his traditional housewife. He had two brothers, Bernd and Wolf, and two sisters, Greta and Charlotte.[1] His sister Charlotte married Ludwig Hahn, the chief of the Sicherheitspolizei (Security Police) and Sicherheitsdienst (Security Service) in occupied Warsaw, who participated in the evacuation and destruction of the Warsaw Ghetto.[2]

Hahn (right), with his wife Charlotte and Steinhoff (centre).

Steinhoff graduated from the Klosterschule Roßleben convent school after having "studied the classics and languages such as French, English, Latin and Greek,"[3] and from 1932–1934 he read philology at the University of Jena,[4] where he was a member of the Landsmannschaft Suevia academic fencing society and male fraternity.[5] Forced to abandon his university studies for lack of funds, Steinhoff enlisted in the Kriegsmarine, where he served for one year alongside his friend Dietrich Hrabak as a naval flying cadet before transferring to the newly reformed Luftwaffe in 1936.[3]

Steinhoff was promoted to Leutnant (second lieutenant) on 1 April 1936.[6] He married his wife Ursula on 29 April 1939 and they had a son, Wolf and a daughter, Ursula. Ursula married economics professor and (now-retired) Colorado State Senator Michael Bird.[1] On 1 January 1939, Steinhoff was promoted to Oberleutnant (first lieutenant).[6]

In the early summer of 1939, the Luftwaffe began experimenting with night fighter procedures for single engine aircraft. Due to a lack of experienced flyers, operations were restricted to evening and early morning hours. On 1 August, Steinhoff was appointed Staffelkapitän (squadron leader) of 11. (Nachtjagd) Staffel (squadron) of Lehrgeschwader 2 (JG 2—2nd Demonstration Wing) which was based at Greifswald. Initially, the squadron was equipped with the Arado Ar 68 fighter before it was reequipped with the Messerschmitt Bf 109 D-1. The unit was subordinated to the Stab (headquarters unit) of Kampfgeschwader 2 (JG 2—2nd Bomber Wing).[7]

World War II

[edit]

World War II in Europe began on Friday 1 September 1939, when German forces invaded Poland. That day, Steinhoff was transferred to Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" (JG 26—26th Fighter Wing), which had been named after Albert Leo Schlageter on 1 May 1939.[8] He was appointed Staffelkapitän of a newly created night fighter unit named 10. (Nacht) Staffel of JG 26 which was based at Bonn-Hangelar, near Sankt Augustin, and equipped with the Bf 109 D.[9] On 12 November, the unit was moved to Jever Airfield.[10] On 18 December, Royal Air Force (RAF) Bomber Command launched an attack on German warships assumed to be at Wilhelmshaven in what became known as the Battle of the Heligoland Bight. The RAF attack force was intercepted and Steinhoff was credited with the destruction of two Vickers Wellington bombers from 57th Squadron and Number 3 Group which he claimed to have shot down 25–35 kilometers (16–22 miles) south-southwest of Heligoland.[11]

On 3 February 1940, a new night fighter unit was created by consolidating three independent single engine fighter squadrons at Jever Airfield. This unit was labelled IV. (Nacht) Gruppe (4th night group) of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" (JG 2—2nd Fighter Wing) and placed under the leadership of Hauptmann Albert Blumensaat. In consequence, 10. (Nacht) Staffel of JG 26 became the 11. (Nacht) Staffel of JG 2 which was headed by Steinhoff and was based at Hage. On 23 April, 11. (Nacht) and 12. (Nacht) Staffeln of JG 2 were ordered to Aalborg Airfield in support of Operation Weserübung, the German assault on Denmark and Norway. The two squadrons returned to Germany on 9 May in preparation for the Battle of France.[12] At the start of the campaign on 10 May, 11. (Nacht) Staffel was based at Cologne Butzweilerhof Airfield where it supported Army Group B in the Battle of the Netherlands.[13] That day, Steinhof claimed a Bristol Blenheim bomber near The Hague and a second near Düsseldorf.[14]

In August 1940, he was transferred to 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 (JG 52—52nd Fighter Wing) where he replaced Oberleutnant Heinz Schumann as Staffelkapitän. The Staffel was subordinated to II. Gruppe of JG 52 which was headed by Hauptmann Wilhelm Ensslen.[15] At the time, the Gruppe was based at Peuplingues near the English Channel and were fighting the RAF during the Battle of Britain.[16] Steinhoff claimed his fifth aerial victory on 30 September. He was credited with the destruction of a Supermarine Spitfire fighter over Dorking.[17] II. Gruppe was withdrawn from the Channel Front on 2 November and moved to München Gladbach, present-day Mönchengladbach, on 5 November for a period of rest and replenishment.[18] The Gruppe had also lost its commanding officer, Ensslen, who was killed in action on 2 November. Ensslen was replaced by Hauptmann Erich Woitke.[15] On 22 December, II. Gruppe was ordered to Leeuwarden Airfield where they were tasked with flying fighter patrols along the Dutch North Sea coast. On 15 January 1941, the Gruppe moved to Ypenburg Airfield where they stayed until 10 February.[19] The Gruppe then moved to Berck-sur-Mer on 14 February, where Steinhoff claimed to have shot down another Spitfire in aerial combat, near Dungeness.[20] On 17 May, II. Gruppe reached Raversijde, its last airfield near the English Channel. Two days later, Steinhoff claimed to have shot down a further two Spitfires on a mission to Canterbury. On 9 June, the air elements of II. Gruppe began relocating east.[21]

Operation Barbarossa

[edit]
Main article: Operation Barbarossa
A map of Eastern Europe depicting the movement of military units and formations.
Map indicating Operation Barbarossa's attack plan

In preparation of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, II. Gruppe of JG 52, without a period of replenishment in Germany, was ordered to airfields close to the German-Soviet demarcation line. While the Gruppenstab (group headquarters unit) and 4. Staffel were based at Suwałki in northeastern Poland, 5. and 6. Staffel were transferred to a forward airfield at Sobolewo. For the invasion, II. Gruppe of JG 52 was subordinated to the Geschwaderstab (headquarters unit) of Jagdgeschwader 27 (JG 27—27th Fighter Wing). The Geschwader was part of the VIII. Fliegerkorps commanded by Generaloberst Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen which supported the northern wing of Army Group Centre.[22]

On 22 June, the German forces launched the attack on the Soviet Union which opened the Eastern Front. The Gruppe supported the advancing 9th Army and 3rd Panzer Group in their attack on the border fortifications east and southeast of Suwałki. That day, Steinhoff claimed a Soviet Polikarpov I-153 fighter shot down near Varėna in Lithuania.[23] On 25 June, the Gruppe moved to an airfield at Varėna which had previously been occupied by the Soviet Air Forces (VVS—Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily). The next day, Steinhoff claimed an Ilyushin DB-3 bomber shot down south of Varėna.[24] On 28 June, the Gruppe moved to Maladzyechna, supporting the advance 3rd Panzer Group near Barysaw.[25]

On 24 August, II. Gruppe was ordered to an airfield at Spasskaya Polist on the river Polist, south of Chudovo and north of Novgorod on Lake Ilmen, supporting the 18th Army in its advance towards the Neva and Lake Ladoga.[26] Here, Steinhoff claimed his 35th aerial victory on 29 August, for which he was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes) the following day.[27]

Eastern Front

[edit]

On 24 January 1942, having been withdrawn from the Eastern Front, II. Gruppe arrived in Jesau near Königsberg, present-day Kaliningrad in Russia, for a period of recuperation and replenishment.[28] That day, the commander of the Gruppe, Woitke, was transferred. On 1 March, Steinhoff became its new Gruppenkommandeur (group commander). In consequence, command of 4. Staffel was handed to Oberleutnant Gerhard Barkhorn.[29][30] In Jesau, the Gruppe received many factory new Bf 109 F-4 aircraft. On 14 April, II. Gruppe received orders to move to Pilsen, present-day Plzeň in the Czech Republic, for relocation to the Eastern Front.[31]

II. Gruppe was ordered to Tusov on 20 August which is located approximately 25 kilometers (16 miles) southwest of Kalach-na-Donu on the western bank of the Don where the Gruppe operated in the combat area of Stalingrad.[32] Here, Steinhoff claimed his 100th aerial victory on 31 August when he shot down two LaGG-3 fighters.[33] He was the 18th Luftwaffe pilot to achieve the century mark.[34] On 1 September, II. Gruppe was ordered to and airfield at Kerch on the Kerch Peninsula. The objective was to capture the Taman Peninsula and Novorossiysk. Here, Steinhoff was credited with the destruction of a minesweeper and the sinking of a motorboat.[35]

On 2 September, Steinhoff was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub). He was the 115th member of the German armed forces to be so honoured.[36] On 4 November, Steinhoff, together with Alfred Druschel, Ernst-Wilhelm Reinert, Günther Rall and Max Stotz received the Oak Leaves from Adolf Hitler personally.[37] On 11 December, during the Battle of Stalingrad, Steinhoff was hit by anti-aircraft artillery in his Bf 109 G-2 (Werknummer 13853—factory number), resulting in a forced landing near Oblivskaya.[38]

Wing commander

[edit]

Steinhoff left JG 52 on 24 March 1943 and handed over II. Gruppe to Hauptmann Helmut Kühle.[39] On 1 April, he was given command of Jagdgeschwader 77 (JG 77—77th Fighter Wing) as Geschwaderkommodore (wing commander) after its former commander, Major Joachim Müncheberg, had been killed in action on 23 March.[40] Steinhoff took command JG 77 on 3 April. At the time, the Geschwader was based at an airfield north of Sfax, Tunisia and was fighting in the North African campaign.[41] The following day, Steinhoff claimed his only aerial victory in North Africa when he shot down a Spitfire fighter on a mission to El Guettar.[42][43] On 5 April, he was shot down by a Spitfire fighter resulting in a forced landing at La Fauconnerie which destroyed his Bf 109 G-6 (Werknummer 16492).[44]

Galland and Lützow,
Sicily 25 June 1943[45]

Before noon on 25 June, Luftwaffe radar on Monte Erice picked up a large formation of United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) four-engine bombers north of Sicily. The Luftwaffe initially assumed that the bombers were heading for Naples. In reality, the 124 Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress bombers attacked Messina, causing significant damage. The Luftwaffe aerial defences were coordinated by Generalmajor Adolf Galland, the General der Jagdflieger (General of the Fighter Force), and his Inspekteur der Jadgflieger Süd (Inspector of Fighter Pilots South), Oberst Günther Lützow, personally. Galland had intended to consolidate fighters from both JG 77 and Jagdgeschwader 53 (JG 53—53rd Fighter Wing) and to vector the fighters in a closed formation to a point of interception.[46] Because the target was mistaken, the bombers could only be intercepted on their return. Galland scrambled approximately 80 fighters from Stab, I., II. Gruppe of JG 77 and Gruppe of JG 53 at 12:55. Due to hazy weather conditions, the German formation was spread out, and failed to find the bombers quickly. Fuel was already running low when the bombers were spotted approximately 150 kilometers (93 miles) northwest of Trapani. Only a few Luftwaffe fighters reached the bombers, including Steinhoff who shot down a B-17.[47][48]

Steinhoff was promoted to Oberstleutnant (lieutenant colonel) on 1 April 1944.[49] On 14 July, Steinhoff's Bf 109 G-6 was damaged in aerial combat with Spitfire fighters and Martin B-26 Marauder bombers near Modena.[50] In this engagement, Steinhoff claimed one of the B-26 damaged.[51][Note 1] Following a meetings held by the Jagdfliegerführer Oberitalien (Fighter Leader Northern Italy) and by the staff of Luftflotte 2 (Air Fleet 2), orders were issued on 23 July to withdraw I. Gruppe of JG 77 and I. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 4 (JG 4—4th Fighter Wing) to Germany for a period of rest and replenishment. The following day, Steinhoff flew to Berlin for a meeting held by the General der Jagdflieger. Steinhoff stayed in Germany until early September 1944 in Germany.[52] During this stay on 28 July, Steinhoff was awarded the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross with Oak Leaves and Swords (Ritterkreuz des Eisernen Kreuzes mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern). He was the 82nd member of the German armed forces to be so honored.[49] On 9 September, the Geschwaderstab of JG 77 was withdrawn from Italy and relocated to Pișcolt where it came under the control of Luftflotte 4 (Air Fleet 2) fighting on the Eastern Front.[53]

On 10 October, JG 77 relocated to an airfields near Berlin. The Geschwaderstab and I. Gruppe were based at Schönwalde, II. Gruppe at Eggersdorf while III. Gruppe was based at Neuruppin.[54] In late October, the Geschwaderstab received factory new Bf 109 G-10 fighter aircraft.[55] On 7 November, Steinhoff left JG 77 and was replaced by Major Johannes Wiese.[56] In total, Steinhoff had flown 100 combat missions and had claimed eleven aerial victories while serving with JG 77.[57] On 11 November, Reichsmarschall Hermann Göring, in his role as commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe, organized a meeting of high-ranking Luftwaffe officers, including General der Jagdflieger Galland and Steinhoff. The meeting, also referred to as the "Areopag", was held at the Luftkriegsakademie (air war academy) at Berlin-Gatow. This Luftwaffe version of the Greek Areopagus—a court of justice—aimed at finding solutions to the deteriorating air war situation over Germany.[58] At this meeting, Galland asked Steinhoff if he would be interested in commanding the first jet fighter unit.[59]

Flying the Messerschmitt Me 262

[edit]

Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" (JG 7—7th Fighter Wing) "Nowotny" was the first operational jet fighter wing in the world and was named after Walter Nowotny, who was killed in action on 8 November 1944. Nowotny had been assessing the Messerschmitt Me 262 jet aircraft under operational conditions.[60] JG 7 was equipped with the Me 262, an aircraft which was heavily armed and faster than any Allied fighter. Galland hoped that the Me 262 would compensate for the Allies' numerical superiority. On 12 November 1944, the Oberkommando der Luftwaffe (OKL—Air Force High Command) ordered JG 7 to be equipped with the Me 262. Following the exchange with Steinhoff at the "Areopag", Galland appointed Steinhoff as its first Geschwaderkommodore.[61][62]

Steinhoff was allowed to hand-pick several Staffelkapitäne, including Heinz Bär and Gerhard Barkhorn. After the heavy losses suffered during Operation Bodenplatte (Unternehmen Bodenplatte), Steinhoff and other fighter leaders fell into disfavour following the so-called 'Fighter Pilots' Revolt' against what was perceived as the incompetence of Luftwaffe high command and Göring in particular. Along with several others, Steinhoff was relieved of his command for challenging Göring's leadership.[63] On 26 December, Steinhoff was replaced by Major Theodor Weissenberger as commander of JG 7.[64]

After a brief period spent in internal exile, Steinhoff transferred to the Jet Experten unit Jagdverband 44 (JV 44—44th Fighter Detachment) being formed by his close friend and confidant Adolf Galland in early 1945. Steinhoff initially acted as a de facto recruiting officer, persuading a number of veteran Luftwaffe aces to join the unit, some coming out of the Fighter Pilots' Rest Home at Bad Wiessee to do so. Steinhoff scored six confirmed kills with the unit.[Note 2] Steinhoff survived nearly 1,000 combat missions, only to see his flying career come to an end on the ground.

On 18 April 1945, elements of the USAAF Eighth, Ninth and Fifteenth Air Force attacked railway targets and fuel depots in southern Germany and in the area of Prague and Pilsen. To defend against this attack, JV 44 prepared six Me 262 fighters, half of them equipped with the R4M unguided air-to-air rockets. The six Me 262 fighters were grouped in two flights of three aircraft each, referred to as a Kette (Vic formation) by the Luftwaffe. The first Kette was led by Galland, and included Oberleutnant Franz Stigler and Leutnant Klaus Neumann. While Steinhoff led the second Kette with Hauptmann Walter Krupinski and Leutnant Gottfried Fährmann. Galland took off first, with Stigler next followed by Neumann. Next came Steinhoff, Krupinski to his left and Fährmann to his right. During acceleration, Steinhoff's left wheel struck debris, causing his Me 262 to break out to left, nearly causing a collision with Krupinski who managed to lift off just in time. Steinhoff's Me 262 however ran off the runway and exploded in flames.[65]

This accident left Steinhoff permanently disfigured after receiving major burns across most of his body. According to Stigler, "In a matter of seconds, Steinhoff had turned into a human torch". His chances of survival were slim although he pulled through, but with severe burns leaving him terribly scarred. Steinhoff spent two years in hospital, and years of reconstructive surgery, with his eyelids being rebuilt by a British surgeon after the war.

His wartime record was 176 aircraft claimed destroyed, of which 152 were on the Eastern Front, 12 on the Western Front and 12 in the Mediterranean. He also flew 993 operational sorties. Steinhoff was shot down 12 times but bailed out only once. Explaining his preference to remain with his damaged aircraft, Steinhoff admitted, "I bailed out only once. I never trusted the parachutes. I always landed my damaged planes, hoping not to get bounced on the way down when I lost power".[3]

Later life and service

[edit]

Following World War II, Steinhoff continued to undergo surgery until he was released from a hospital 1947. He then worked in ceramic painting and for a marketing firm in Munich before he became a member of the German delegation working on the Treaty establishing the European Defence Community. Steinhoff then entered the Amt Blank (Blank Agency), named after Theodor Blank, the forerunner of the German Federal Ministry of Defense.[66] Steinhoff then transferred to the newly created German Air Force, at the time referred to as the Bundesluftwaffe. He was among the first three Bundesluftwaffe pilots to receive jet aircraft training. This group also included Dietrich Hrabak and Kurt Kuhlmey. All three of them were trained by the United States Air Force (USAF) in the USA.[67] On 1 October 1958, Steinhoff was promoted to Brigadegeneral (brigadier general).[66]

With the German Air Force and NATO

[edit]
Johannes Steinhoff at NATO

Steinhoff was invited by West Germany's new interim government to rebuild the Bundesluftwaffe within NATO, eventually rising to the rank of full general. Steinhoff became the German Military Representative to the NATO Military Committee in 1960. In this capacity he was promoted to Generalmajor (major general) on 1 February 1961.[66] On 4 December 1963, Steinhoff was appointed commander of the 4. Luftwaffendivision (4th Air Force Division) in Aurich, serving in this role until 14 April 1965 when command was transferred to Generalmajor Herbert Wehnelt. Steinhoff then served as Acting Commander Allied Air Forces Central Europe in NATO 1965–1966, as Inspector of the Air Force 1966–1970 and as Chairman of the NATO Military Committee 1971–1974.[68] Steinhoff received numerous honors for his work on the structure of the post war German Air Force and the integration of the German Federal Armed Forces into NATO, including: Great Cross of Merit of Merit of the Federal Republic with Star and Sash (Großes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern und Schulterband), the American Legion of Merit and the French Légion d'honneur.[69]

A former Luftwaffe F-104 Starfighter at Le Bourget.

One of Steinhoff's contributions was dealing with the high accident rate the air force was having with its F-104 Starfighters. Upon researching the issue, Steinhoff, who had always been a good teacher, deduced that the problem was not the aircraft but poor training for pilots on that particular aircraft. He addressed the problem with an intensive training regime and the accident rate dropped dramatically.

After retiring from his NATO command in 1974, Steinhoff became a widely read author of books on German military aviation during the war and the experiences of the German people at that time. He wrote The Final Hours, which detailed a late-war plot against Hermann Göring, and also published a vivid account of his time in Italy: Messerschmitts over Sicily: Diary of a Luftwaffe Fighter Commander. Steinhoff also became a water-colourist, and chairman of Germany's Dornier Flugzeugwerke.[1]

Steinhoff, who had joined Dornier's supervisory board on 28 June 1974, was not without controversy because Dornier was a major contractor for the German Air Force. Defense Minister Georg Leber announced that Steinhoff was not a member of the Bundeswehr, but of NATO. Consequently, his transition did not fall under the regulations that prohibited such a postings for Bundeswehr soldiers. On 16 December 1977, Steinhoff became chairman of the supervisory board of Dornier and held this position until 1 July 1983.

Bitburg cemetery controversy

[edit]
Main article: Bitburg controversy

In May 1985, Steinhoff met Ronald Reagan, then President of the United States, during a visit to the WWII Kolmeshöhe Military Cemetery near Bitburg. The event was planned to be an act of reconciliation on the 40th anniversary of V-E Day. Reagan and West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl were to pay their respects at the German military cemetery.[70] However, the US President faced national and political pressure to cancel the visit from American Jewish groups and World War II American veterans after it was discovered that 22 Waffen-SS men were buried among the 2,000 military graves. The presence of Nazi soldiers led to the controversy because the entire SS had been adjudged to be a criminal organisation at the Nuremberg trials. Although not part of the original itinerary, as part of their own reconciliatory gesture, Reagan and Kohl made an impromptu visit to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp before visiting Bitburg, thus reducing the time Reagan had to spend at Kolmeshöhe Military Cemetery to only eight minutes. He was joined by Steinhoff, Kohl and 90-year-old US Army General Matthew Ridgway who had commanded the 82nd Airborne in World War II. After Reagan placed a wreath at the cemetery memorial, they all stood to attention while a short trumpet salute was played. At the end, Steinhoff suddenly turned and, in an unscripted act, shook hands with Ridgway. A surprised Kohl later thanked Steinhoff for his actions, who later said that it just seemed to be the right thing to do.[71][72][73]

Death

[edit]
Graves of Ursula and Johannes Steinhoff in Villip, Wachtberg.

On 21 February 1994, Steinhoff died in Wachtberg-Pech from complications arising from a heart attack he suffered the previous December. He was 80, and had lived in nearby Bad Godesberg.[68]

Summary of career

[edit]

Aerial victory claims

[edit]

According to US historian David T. Zabecki, Steinhoff was credited with 176 aerial victories.[74] Spick also lists him with 176 aerial victories claimed in 993 combat missions. This number includes 148 claims on the Eastern Front and 28 claims over the Western Allies, including six flying the Me 262 jet fighter.[75] Mathews and Foreman, authors of Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims, researched the German Federal Archives and found records for 168 aerial victory claims, plus nine further unconfirmed claims. This figure of confirmed claims includes 149 aerial victories on the Eastern Front and 19 on the Western Front, including three four-engine bombers and six victories with the Me 262 jet fighter.[76]

Victory claims were logged to a map-reference (PQ = Planquadrat), for example "PQ 95371". The Luftwaffe grid map (Jägermeldenetz) covered all of Europe, western Russia and North Africa and was composed of rectangles measuring 15 minutes of latitude by 30 minutes of longitude, an area of about 360 square miles (930 km2). These sectors were then subdivided into 36 smaller units to give a location area 3 km × 4 km (1.9 mi × 2.5 mi) in size.[77]

Chronicle of aerial victories
  This and the ♠ (Ace of spades) indicates those aerial victories which made Steinhoff an "ace-in-a-day", a term which designates a fighter pilot who has shot down five or more airplanes in a single day.
  This and the – (dash) indicates unwitnessed aerial victory claims for which Steinhoff did not receive credit.
  This along with the * (asterisk) indicates an Herausschuss (separation shot)—a severely damaged heavy bomber forced to separate from his combat box which was counted as an aerial victory.
  This and the ? (question mark) indicates information discrepancies listed by Barbas, Prien, Stemmer, Rodeike, Bock, Mathews and Foreman.
Claim Date Time Type Location Claim Date Time Type Location
– 10(Nacht). Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 26 "Schlageter" –[78]
"Phoney War" — 1 September 1939 – 9 May 1940
1 18 December 1939 14:30 Wellington 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Heligoland[79] 2 18 December 1939 14:35 Wellington 30 km (19 mi) southwest of Heligoland[79]
– 11(Nacht). Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 2 "Richthofen" –[78]
Battle of France — 10 May – 25 June 1940
3 10 May 1940
—
 Blenheim The Hague[14] 4 10 May 1940
—
 Blenheim Düsseldorf[14]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[78]
Action at the Channel and over England — 26 June 1940 – 9 June 1941
5 30 September 1940 13:45 Spitfire Dorking[80] 7 19 May 1941 12:40 Spitfire north of Dover[81]
Canterbury
6 14 February 1941 13:00 Spitfire 30 km (19 mi) north of Dungeness[80] 8 19 May 1941 12:45 Spitfire north of Dover[81]
– 4. Staffel of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[78]
Operation Barbarossa — 22 June – 5 December 1941
9 22 June 1941 10:00 I-15?[Note 3] Varėna[82] 31 26 August 1941 08:55 I-17 (MiG-1) Mal. Bronitza[83]
10 26 June 1941 09:32 DB-3 south of Varėna[82] 32 26 August 1941 08:58 I-17 (MiG-1) 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of Lyuban[83]
11 1 July 1941 18:26 I-16 north of Barysaw[82] 33 27 August 1941 15:38 R-5 6 km (3.7 mi) northeast of Ljesja[83]
12 2 July 1941 17:22 DB-3 Barysaw[82] 34 27 August 1941 15:39 R-5 3 km (1.9 mi) northeast of Ljesja[83]
13?[Note 4] 2 July 1941
—
 DB-3 south of Barysaw[82] 35 29 August 1941 15:10 I-15 southeast of Kolpino[85]
14 2 July 1941 17:34 DB-3 south of Smalyavichy[82] 36 1 September 1941 15:15 DB-3 30 km (19 mi) northeast of Lyuban[85]
15 3 July 1941 18:19 DB-3 northeast of Barysaw[82] 37 6 September 1941 11:55 I-18 (MiG-1) 1 km (0.62 mi) northwest of Mga railroad[85]
16 3 July 1941 18:30 DB-3 northeast of Barysaw[82] 38 6 September 1941 16:47 I-18 (MiG-1) Makovo railway station[85]
17 4 July 1941 12:02 DB-3 west of Vitebsk[82] 39 26 September 1941 07:55 I-18 (MiG-1) 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Wolchowstroj[85]
18 5 July 1941 06:28 DB-3 north of Ulla[82] 40 3 October 1941 14:17 I-153 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Chełm[86]
19 6 July 1941 12:40 DB-3 north of Dzisna[87] 41 5 October 1941 07:10 I-18 (MiG-1) 30 km (19 mi) northwest of Vyazma[86]
20 7 July 1941 12:15 DB-3 west of Polotsk[87] 42 6 October 1941 06:25?[Note 5] I-16 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Chełm[86]
21?[Note 4] 9 July 1941
—
 Pe-2 northwest of Besvhenkowitschi[87] 43 18 October 1941 15:17 Pe-2 north of Kalinin[86]
22 22 July 1941 11:05 I-16 south of Wyssokaja[87] 44 18 October 1941 15:18 Pe-2 Kalinin[86]
23 26 July 1941 05:12 V-11 (Il-2) northeast of Yartsevo[88] 45 24 October 1941 15:55 Pe-2 southwest of Kalinin[86]
24 27 July 1941 18:05 I-18 (MiG-1) north of Vyazma[88] 46 14 November 1941 15:55?[Note 6] I-18 (MiG-1) 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Vyazma[86]
25 28 July 1941 17:35 I-18 (MiG-1) 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Gorky[88] 47 26 November 1941 13:20?[Note 7] I-26 (Yak-1) 10 km (6.2 mi) south of Stolnetschnogorst[86]
26 29 July 1941 17:28 DB-3 northwest of Lake Tschutsche[88] 48 28 November 1941 09:20 Il-2 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Istra[86]
27 29 July 1941 17:34 DB-3 southwest of Tschernaja[88] 49 28 November 1941 14:50 BB-22 (Seversky) 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Stolnetschnogorst[86]
28 10 August 1941 13:35?[Note 8] I-16 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Shimsk[88] 50 2 December 1941 08:25 BB-22 (Seversky) Belji-Rast[89]
29 25 August 1941 12:10 I-16 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Tosno[83] 51 2 December 1941 14:30 BB-22 (Seversky) 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Moscow[89]
30 26 August 1941 08:50 I-17 (MiG-1) 10 km (6.2 mi) southwest of Lyuban[83]
– II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[90]
Eastern Front — 7 May 1942 – 3 February 1943
52 9 May 1942 04:00 I-153 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Akmonaj[91] 102 8 September 1942 14:40 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Malgobek[92]
53 9 May 1942 12:43 I-153 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Sedshent[91] 103 8 September 1942 14:42 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) northeast of Malgobek[92]
54 15 May 1942 04:17 MiG-1 Staryi Saltiv[91] 104 10 September 1942 14:25 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Malgobek[92]
55 17 May 1942 09:34 MiG-1 Borogoditschnoje[91] 105 16 September 1942 16:20 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Kalinowskaja[92]
56 19 May 1942 08:35 MiG-1 3 km (1.9 mi) west of Jaskow[91] 106 17 September 1942 14:40 Su-2 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Meckenskaja[92]
57 19 May 1942 14:55 Il-2 20 km (12 mi) south of Izium[91] 107 17 September 1942 16:40 LaGG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) west of Kalaus River[92]
58 23 May 1942 05:45 MiG-1 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Petrowerka[91] 108 20 September 1942 09:40 I-16 PQ 95371, Gelendzhik[93]
59 23 May 1942 14:26 V-11 (Il-2) 6 km (3.7 mi) northwest of Odjanyi[91] 109 26 September 1942 15:39 Yak-1 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Gelendzhik[93]
60 26 May 1942 11:30 Il-2 4 km (2.5 mi) north of Petroskaja[91] 110 26 September 1942 15:40 Yak-1 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Gelendzhik[93]
61 26 May 1942 17:24 Il-2 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Iwanowka[94] 111 11 November 1942 08:10 Yak-1 PQ 94161, Lazarevskoye[95]
62 2 June 1942 12:38 I-16 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Grakowo[94] 112 11 November 1942 14:18 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Lazarevskoye[95]
63 4 June 1942 18:45 Il-2 4 km (2.5 mi) east of Grakowo[94] 113 28 November 1942 07:50 P-40 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Pitomnik airfield[96]
64 14 June 1942 16:10 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Kosorsha[94] 114 28 November 1942 10:40 Yak-1 PQ 49184, Pitomnik Airfield[96]
65 22 June 1942 17:55 Hurricane 5 km (3.1 mi) northwest of Kupiansk[97] 115 30 November 1942 07:45 Yak-1 25 km (16 mi) northwest of Morozovsk (Morosowskaja)[96]
66 23 June 1942 19:21 Su-2 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Kupiansk[97] 116 30 November 1942 07:47?[Note 9] Yak-1 25 km (16 mi) north of Morosowskaja[96]
67 1 July 1942 10:05 Il-2 Krasowka[99] 117 30 November 1942 10:15 Yak-1 PQ 39424, Marinowka[96]
68 1 July 1942 10:10 Boston Krasowka[99] 118 30 November 1942 10:30 P-40 PQ 40754, Schirkokow[96]
69 3 July 1942 13:15 Hurricane 8 km (5.0 mi) east of Novy Oskol[100] 119 1 December 1942 08:20 Yak-1 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Spartek[96]
70 4 July 1942 10:32 LaGG-3 1 km (0.62 mi) southwest of Ostroghosk[100] 120 2 December 1942 12:15 Yak-1 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Bassargewo[96]
71 10 July 1942 10:30 LaGG-3[100] 121 7 December 1942 13:23 P-40 10 km (6.2 mi) southeast of Bratkij[101]
72 17 July 1942 07:55 I-16[100] 122 8 December 1942 09:10 Boston PQ 29253, Sslepichin[101]
73 19 July 1942 13:50 I-153 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Koisug[100] 123 8 December 1942 12:30 Boston 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Karachev[101]
74 20 July 1942 16:15 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) southeast of Batajsk[102] 124 8 December 1942 12:40 MiG-1 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Nishnj Kubanskij[101]
75 23 July 1942 18:10 I-16 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Kastora[102] 125 8 December 1942 12:50 MiG-1 3 km (1.9 mi) east of Nishnj Kubanskij[101]
76 24 July 1942 16:23 Il-2 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Wislyi[102] 126 10 December 1942 11:40 LaGG-3 8 km (5.0 mi) west of Pitomnik airfield[101]
77 25 July 1942 17:40 I-153 5 km (3.1 mi) west of Martinowskaja[102] 127 11 December 1942 09:23 Yak-1 PQ 29633, southwest of Grosnaja[101]
78 21 August 1942 16:00 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 49411, Stalingrad[103]
5 km (3.1 mi) east of Stalingrad 		128 11 December 1942 09:26 Yak-1 PQ 2949, Ostrowskoj[104]
79 22 August 1942 10:20 LaGG-3 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Serepta[103] 129 12 December 1942 12:22 Pe-2 PQ 38342, west of Kotelnikowo[104]
80 22 August 1942 10:55 Hurricane PQ 49411, Stalingrad[103] 130 13 December 1942 12:15 Pe-2 PQ 38282, Ssamchin[104]
81♠ 23 August 1942 05:40 LaGG-3 4 km (2.5 mi) south of Semenk[103] 131 13 December 1942 12:16 Yak-1 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Aksay[104]
82♠ 23 August 1942 05:50 LaGG-3 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Jaryew[103] 132 17 December 1942 07:10 P-40 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Shutow 2[104]
83♠ 23 August 1942 12:20 I-153 10 km (6.2 mi) west of Gorodischtsche[103] 133 17 December 1942 13:15 Yak-1 10 km (6.2 mi) northeast of Shutow 2[104]
84♠ 23 August 1942 15:10 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 49413, Krasnaya Sloboda[103] 134 18 December 1942 10:33 Yak-1 6 km (3.7 mi) east of Gromoslawka[104]
85♠ 23 August 1942 17:25 LaGG-3 PQ 49411, Stalingrad[103] 135 20 December 1942 10:53 Yak-1 5 km (3.1 mi) southwest of Vasilyevka[105]
86 24 August 1942 06:20 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 59323, Leninsk[106] 136 25 December 1942 13:00 Yak-1 PQ 38241, south of Shutowo[105]
87 25 August 1942 11:05 LaGG-3 1 km (0.62 mi) north of Stalingrad[106] 137 25 December 1942 13:30 Pe-2 PQ 38334, north of Tschernj[105]
88 25 August 1942 11:07 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of Akhtuba[106] 138 28 December 1942 10:37?[Note 10] La-5 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Kotelnikowo[105]
89 25 August 1942 14:45 I-180 (Yak-7) 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Saplaunoje[106] 139 28 December 1942 12:55 La-5 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Kotelnikowo[105]
90 25 August 1942 17:37 I-180 (Yak-7) 5 km (3.1 mi) east of Stalingrad[106] 140 9 January 1943 12:43 Yak-1 PQ 28782, 2 km (1.2 mi) north of Kuberke railway station[105]
91 27 August 1942 05:35 I-180 (Yak-7) PQ 49431, Srednyaya Akhtuba[106] 141 9 January 1943 12:50 Yak-1 PQ 28872, 2 km (1.2 mi) east of Matschenkow[105]
92 27 August 1942 11:34 I-180 (Yak-7) 1 km (0.62 mi) east of Krasnaya Sloboda[107] 142 14 January 1943 14:32 Il-2 PQ 17263, east of Igand[105]
93 28 August 1942 14:50 LaGG-3 PQ 49223, Werchne[107] 143 14 January 1943 14:33 La-5 PQ 17263, east of Igand[105]
94 28 August 1942 14:57 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) east of Rachinka[107] 144 14 January 1943 14:33 La-5 PQ 27242, east of Igand[105]
95♠ 30 August 1942 13:10 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) north of Konnoja railway station[107] 145 25 January 1943 11:50 La-5 PQ 9865, east of Rostov[105]
96♠ 30 August 1942 13:12 LaGG-3 30 km (19 mi) west of Dubovka[107] 146 26 January 1943 10:15 Boston PQ 08521, Nowo Tscherkassk[105]
97♠ 30 August 1942 17:00 LaGG-3 PQ 49362, Beketowka[107] 147 31 January 1943 13:00 Boston PQ 09871, east of Rostov[105]
98♠ 30 August 1942 17:10 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Andrejewka[107] 148 1 February 1943 14:25 Yak-1 PQ 9962, east of Rostov[108]
99♠ 30 August 1942 17:12 LaGG-3 5 km (3.1 mi) south of Andrejewka[107] 149 2 February 1943 09:25 Yak-1 PQ 9962, east of Rostov[108]
100 31 August 1942 05:20 LaGG-3 1 km (0.62 mi) south of Kurpjok[92] 150 2 February 1943 09:28 Yak-1 PQ 99622, east of Rostov[108]
101 31 August 1942 17:05 LaGG-3 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Krasnoarmejsk[92]
– II. Gruppe of Jagdgeschwader 52 –[90]
Eastern Front — February 1943
151 12 February 1943 12:02 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 8659, Flamanskaja[109] 154 23 February 1943 12:47 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 8656, 10 km (6.2 mi) north of Staromyschastowskaja[110]
152 23 February 1943 09:02 Il-2 PQ 34 Ost 76664, west of Flamjanskaja[110] 155 25 February 1943 08:40 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 7523, Krymskaja[110]
Krymsk
153 23 February 1943 12:45 Yak-1 PQ 34 Ost 8656[110]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[111]
North Africa — April 1943
156 4 April 1943
—
 Spitfire southwest of La Fauconnerie[112]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[111]
Italy — June – 31 December 1943
157 25 June 1943 13:25 B-17 PQ 03 Ost 19154, west of Trapani[112] 161 25 August 1943 09:59 P-38 8 km (5.0 mi) south of San Severo[112]
158 7 July 1943 17:25 Martlet 20 km (12 mi) southwest of Marsala[112] 162?[Note 4] 25 August 1943 10:00 P-38 10 km (6.2 mi) south-southwest of San Severo[112]
159?[Note 11] 8 July 1943
—
 P-40 Trapani[112] 163 25 August 1943 10:01 P-38 15 km (9.3 mi) south-southwest of San Severo[112]
160 25 August 1943 09:58 P-38 5 km (3.1 mi) south of San Severo[112] 164 1 December 1943 10:59 Mosquito southwest of Piacenza[112]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[111]
Italy — June – 31 December 1943
165?[Note 4] 25 February 1944
—
 B-17*[113] southwest of Klagenfurt[114] 167 9 June 1944 11:45 B-24[115] PQ 14 Ost S/TH-1, south of Pula[114]
166 10 May 1944 12:50 P-38[115] 60 km (37 mi) southeast of Zagreb[114]
—
 14 July 1944
—
 B-25[116]
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 77 –[117]
Eastern Front — September 1944
—
 22 September 1944
—
 Yak-9
—
 24 September 1944
—
 Yak-9
—
 24 September 1944
—
 Il-2
—
 25 September 1944
—
 Bf 109 vicinity of Klausenberg
– Stab of Jagdgeschwader 7 "Nowotny" –[117]
Eastern Front — February – March 1945
169 27 February 1945
—
 Yak-9 171 20 March 1945
—
 Il-2
170 27 February 1945
—
 Yak-9
– Jagdverband 44 –[117]
Defense of the Reich — April 1945
172 3 April 1945
—
 B-17 174 9 April 1945
—
 P-51
173 5 April 1945
—
 P-51 Riem

Awards and honours

[edit]

In 1990, the former Royal Air Force Gatow in Berlin Gatow, was named General Steinhoff Kaserne on being taken over by the German Federal Armed Forces. On 18 September 1997 the Jagdgeschwader 73 (fighter wing 73) of the German Air Force was named "Steinhoff" in honour of the general. Steinhoff is one of only a handful of pilots honoured in this way, along with Manfred von Richthofen and Max Immelmann.

Publications

[edit]

Steinhoff wrote the following books:

  • Die Straße von Messina. Tagebuch des Kommodore (in German). Kulbach & Munich: List. 1969. ISBN 978-3-47178-822-6. English translation: Messerschmitts Over Sicily: Diary of a Luftwaffe Fighter Commander 2004. ISBN 978-0-81174-150-7.
  • In letzter Stunde. Verschwörung der Jagdflieger. Vom Widerstand der Jagdflieger gegen Reichsmarschall Göring [In the last hour. Conspiracy of the fighter pilots. On the resistance of the fighter pilots against Reichsmarschall Göring] (in German). Flechsig. 1974. ISBN 978-3-88189-592-7.
  • Wohin treibt die NATO? Probleme der Verteidigung Westeuropas [Where is NATO going? Defence Problems of Western Europe] (in German). Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe. 1976. ISBN 978-3-455-08986-8.
  • The Last Chance - The Pilots' Plot Against Goering 1944–1945. London: Hutchinson & Co. 1977. ISBN 978-0-09-129620-9.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ According to the authors Shores, Massimello, Guest, Olynyk, Bock and Thomas, this action took place on 13 July 1944.[51]
  2. ^ For a list of Luftwaffe Jet aces see List of German World War II jet aces
  3. ^ According to Barbas claimed as a Polikarpov I-153.[24]
  4. ^ a b c d According to Mathews and Foreman this claim is unconfirmed.[84]
  5. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 06:15.[78]
  6. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 14:55.[78]
  7. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 13:30.[78]
  8. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 19:55.[78]
  9. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 07:46.[98]
  10. ^ According to Mathews and Foreman claimed at 10:27.[98]
  11. ^ This claim is not listed by Mathews and Foreman.[76]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c Saxon 1994.
  2. ^ Der Spiegel Volume 1/1973.
  3. ^ a b c Heaton 2000.
  4. ^ Toliver & Constable 1996, p. 85.
  5. ^ Petrick 2010, p. 151.
  6. ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 43.
  7. ^ Prien et al. 2000a, p. 313.
  8. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 6, 10.
  9. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 10.
  10. ^ Caldwell 1996, p. 329.
  11. ^ Caldwell 1996, pp. 14–17, 21.
  12. ^ Prien et al. 2001, p. 94.
  13. ^ Prien et al. 2000b, p. 139.
  14. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2000b, p. 140.
  15. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 151.
  16. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 144.
  17. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 37.
  18. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 38–39.
  19. ^ Prien et al. 2002, p. 149.
  20. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 40.
  21. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 41, 76.
  22. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 26.
  23. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 76–77, 328.
  24. ^ a b Barbas 2005, pp. 77, 328.
  25. ^ Prien et al. 2003, p. 27.
  26. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 79.
  27. ^ Barbas 2005, pp. 79–80, 329.
  28. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 446.
  29. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 475.
  30. ^ Schreier 1990, p. 188.
  31. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 447.
  32. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 107.
  33. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 334.
  34. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 244.
  35. ^ Barbas 2005, p. 108.
  36. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 45.
  37. ^ Stockert 2012, p. 98.
  38. ^ Prien et al. 2006, p. 506.
  39. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 374.
  40. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2370.
  41. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1504.
  42. ^ Prien 1994, pp. 1506–1507.
  43. ^ Shores et al. 2016, pp. 434–438.
  44. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1510.
  45. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1606.
  46. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1601.
  47. ^ Prien 1994, p. 1605.
  48. ^ Shores et al. 2018, pp. 110–112.
  49. ^ a b Stockert 2012, p. 46.
  50. ^ Prien et al. 2021, pp. 270–271, 276.
  51. ^ a b Shores et al. 2021, pp. 161–164.
  52. ^ Prien et al. 2021, p. 271.
  53. ^ Prien et al. 2021, p. 272.
  54. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2179.
  55. ^ Prien et al. 2020, p. 5.
  56. ^ Prien et al. 2020, p. 6.
  57. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2191.
  58. ^ von Below 2010, p. 220.
  59. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 17.
  60. ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 6–10.
  61. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 15.
  62. ^ Boehme 1992, pp. 71–72.
  63. ^ Forsyth 2008, p. 27.
  64. ^ Prien et al. 2019, p. 1.
  65. ^ Forsyth 2008, pp. 67–69.
  66. ^ a b c Stockert 2012, p. 47.
  67. ^ Braatz 2010, p. 189.
  68. ^ a b Dixon 2023, p. 121.
  69. ^ Berger 1999, p. 347.
  70. ^ Hannaford & Hobbs 2000, p. 113.
  71. ^ Skelton, George (12 April 1985). "Reagan to Honor German War Dead on V-E Day Trip". Los Angeles Times.
  72. ^ "Ronald Reagan: Remarks at a Joint German-American Military Ceremony at Bitburg Air Base in the Federal Republic of Germany". 5 May 1985.
  73. ^ "Reagan joins Kohl in brief memorial at Bitburg graves". The New York Times. 6 May 1985.
  74. ^ Zabecki 2019, p. 329.
  75. ^ Spick 1996, p. 228.
  76. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1257–1260.
  77. ^ Planquadrat.
  78. ^ a b c d e f g h Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1257.
  79. ^ a b Prien et al. 2001, p. 226.
  80. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 155.
  81. ^ a b Prien et al. 2002, p. 156.
  82. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003, p. 41.
  83. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 44.
  84. ^ Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1257, 1259.
  85. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2003, p. 45.
  86. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Prien et al. 2003, p. 46.
  87. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2003, p. 42.
  88. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2003, p. 43.
  89. ^ a b Prien et al. 2003, p. 47.
  90. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1257–1259.
  91. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2006, p. 481.
  92. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 490.
  93. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 491.
  94. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 482.
  95. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 494.
  96. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 495.
  97. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 483.
  98. ^ a b Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1259.
  99. ^ a b Prien et al. 2006, p. 484.
  100. ^ a b c d e Prien et al. 2006, p. 485.
  101. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 496.
  102. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2006, p. 486.
  103. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 487.
  104. ^ a b c d e f g Prien et al. 2006, p. 497.
  105. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Prien et al. 2006, p. 498.
  106. ^ a b c d e f Prien et al. 2006, p. 488.
  107. ^ a b c d e f g h Prien et al. 2006, p. 489.
  108. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2006, p. 499.
  109. ^ Prien et al. 2012, p. 378.
  110. ^ a b c d Prien et al. 2012, p. 379.
  111. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, pp. 1259–1260.
  112. ^ a b c d e f g h i Prien et al. 2011, p. 302.
  113. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2433.
  114. ^ a b c Prien et al. 2021, p. 275.
  115. ^ a b Prien 1995, p. 2434.
  116. ^ Prien 1995, p. 2435.
  117. ^ a b c Mathews & Foreman 2015, p. 1260.
  118. ^ Dixon 2023, p. 119.
  119. ^ Thomas 1998, p. 347.
  120. ^ Obermaier 1989, p. 37.
  121. ^ a b c Scherzer 2007, p. 721.
  122. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 410.
  123. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 61.
  124. ^ Fellgiebel 2000, p. 44.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Barbas, Bernd (2005). Die Geschichte der II. Gruppe des Jagdgeschwaders 52 [The History of 2nd Group of Fighter Wing 52] (in German). Selbstverl. ISBN 978-3-923457-71-7.
  • von Below, Nicolaus (2010). At Hitler's Side: The Memoirs of Hitler's Luftwaffe Adjutant. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-84832-585-2.
  • Berger, Florian (1999). Mit Eichenlaub und Schwertern. Die höchstdekorierten Soldaten des Zweiten Weltkrieges [With Oak Leaves and Swords. The Highest Decorated Soldiers of the Second World War] (in German). Vienna, Austria: Selbstverlag Florian Berger. ISBN 978-3-9501307-0-6.
  • Bergström, Christer [in Swedish]. "Bergström Black Cross/Red Star website". Identifying a Luftwaffe Planquadrat. Archived from the original on 22 December 2018. Retrieved 17 February 2018.
  • Boehme, Manfred (1992). JG 7 The World's First Jet Fighter Unit 1944/1945. Atglen, PA: Schiffer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-88740-395-8.
  • Braatz, Kurt [in German] (2010). Walter Krupinski - Jagdflieger, Geheimagent, General [Walter Krupinski - Fighter Pilot, Spy, General] (in German). Moosburg, Germany: NeunundzwanzigSechs Verlag. ISBN 978-3-9811615-5-7.
  • Caldwell, Donald L. (1996). The JG 26 War Diary: Volume One 1939–1942. London, UK: Grubstreet. ISBN 978-1-898697-52-7.
  • Dixon, Jeremy (2023). Day Fighter Aces of the Luftwaffe: Knight's Cross Holders 1939–1942. Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 978-1-52677-864-2.
  • Fellgiebel, Walther-Peer [in German] (2000) [1986]. Die Träger des Ritterkreuzes des Eisernen Kreuzes 1939–1945 — Die Inhaber der höchsten Auszeichnung des Zweiten Weltkrieges aller Wehrmachtteile [The Bearers of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 1939–1945 — The Owners of the Highest Award of the Second World War of all Wehrmacht Branches] (in German). Friedberg, Germany: Podzun-Pallas. ISBN 978-3-7909-0284-6.
  • Forsyth, Robert (2008). Jagdgeschwader 7 'Nowotny. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-320-9.
  • Hannaford, Peter D.; Hobbs, Charles D. (2000). Remembering Reagan. Regnery Publishing. ISBN 978-0-89526-514-2.
  • Heaton, Colin D. (February 2000). "Interview: Luftwaffe Eagle Johannes Steinhoff". Military History Magazine. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
  • Mathews, Andrew Johannes; Foreman, John (2015). Luftwaffe Aces — Biographies and Victory Claims — Volume 4 S–Z. Walton on Thames: Red Kite. ISBN 978-1-906592-21-9.
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  • Prien, Jochen (1995). Geschichte des Jagdgeschwaders 77—Teil 4—1944–1945 [History of Jagdgeschwader 77—Volume 4—1944–1945] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-29-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2000a). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 1—Vorkriegszeit und Einsatz über Polen—1934 bis 1939 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 1—Pre-War Period and Action over Poland—1934 to 1939] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-54-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2001). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 2—Der "Sitzkrieg"—1.9.1939 bis 9.5.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 2—The "Phoney War"—1 September 1939 to 9 May 1940] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-59-5.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2000b). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945 Teil 3—Einsatz in Dänemark und Norwegen 9.4. bis 30.11.1940—Der Feldzug im Westen 10.5. bis 25.6.1940 [Fighter Pilot Association of the German Luftwaffe 1934 to 1945 Part 3—Assignments in Denmark and Norway 9 April to 30 November 1940—The campaign in the West 10 May to 25 June 1940] (in German). Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-61-8.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2002). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 4/II—Einsatz am Kanal und über England—26.6.1940 bis 21.6.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 4/II—Action at the Channel and over England—26 June 1940 to 21 June 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-64-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2003). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 6/II—Unternehmen "BARBAROSSA"—Einsatz im Osten—22.6. bis 5.12.1941 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 6/II—Operation "BARBAROSSA"—Action in the East—22 June to 5 December 1941] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-70-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2006). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 9/II—Vom Sommerfeldzug 1942 bis zur Niederlage von Stalingrad—1.5.1942 bis 3.2.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 9/II—From the 1942 Summer Campaign to the Defeat at Stalingrad—1 May 1942 to 3 February 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-923457-77-9.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2011). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 11/II—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1 bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 11/II—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-00-0.
  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Rodeike, Peter; Bock, Winfried (2012). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 12/II—Einsatz im Osten—4.2. bis 31.12.1943 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 12/II—Action in the East—4 February to 31 December 1943] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Buchverlag Rogge. ISBN 978-3-942943-05-5.
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  • Prien, Jochen; Stemmer, Gerhard; Bock, Winfried; Balke, Ulf (2021). Die Jagdfliegerverbände der Deutschen Luftwaffe 1934 bis 1945—Teil 14—Einsatz im Mittelmeerraum—1.1. bis 15.9.1944 [The Fighter Units of the German Air Force 1934 to 1945—Part 14—Action in the Mediterranean Theater—1 January to 15 September 1944] (in German). Eutin, Germany: Struve-Druck. ISBN 978-3-942943-24-6.
  • Saxon, Wolfgang (23 February 1994). "Gen. Johannes Steinhoff, 80, Dies; Helped Rebuild German Air Force". New York Times. Retrieved 13 July 2013.
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[edit]
Military offices
Preceded by Commander of Jagdgeschwader 77 Herz As
1 April 1943 – 1 December 1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
none
 Commander of Jagdgeschwader 7 Nowotny
1 December 1944 – 26 December 1944 		Succeeded by
Preceded by
—
 Commander of 4. Luftwaffendivision (Bundeswehr)
4 December 1963 – 14 April 1965 		Succeeded by
Generalmajor Herbert Wehnelt
Preceded by
Air Chief Marshal Sir Edmund Hudleston
 Commander Allied Air Forces Central Europe
Acting
1965 – 1966 		Formation disbanded
Preceded by
Generalleutnant Werner Panitzki
 Inspector of the Air Force
2 September 1966 – 31 December 1970 		Succeeded by
Generalleutnant Günther Rall
Preceded by Chairman of the NATO Military Committee
1971 – 1974 		Succeeded by
Admiral of the Fleet Sir Peter Hill-Norton
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