List of presidents of Syria
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This is a list of presidents of Syria since 1920.
List of officeholders
[edit]Syria (1922–1958)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Note(s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| Syrian Federation (under French mandate; 1922–1925) | |||||||||
| 1 | 
|
Subhi Bey Barakat صبحي بك بركات (1889–1939) |
— | 29 June 1922[1] | 1 January 1925 | 2 years, 185 days | Independent | ||
| State of Syria (under French mandate; 1925–1930) | |||||||||
| (1) |
|
Subhi Bey Barakat صبحي بك بركات (1889–1939) |
— | 1 January 1925 | 21 December 1925 | 354 days | Independent | ||
| — | 
|
François Pierre-Alype فرانسوا بيير أليب (1886–1956) |
— | 9 February 1926 | 28 April 1926 | 78 days | Independent | ||
| 2 | 
|
Ahmad Nami أحمد نامي (1873–1962) |
— | 28 April 1926 | 15 February 1928 | 1 year, 293 days | Independent | ||
| — | .jpg)
|
Taj al-Din al-Hasani تاج الدين الحسني (1885–1943) |
— | 15 February 1928 | 14 May 1930 | 2 years, 88 days | Independent | ||
| First Syrian Republic (1930–1950) | |||||||||
| Mandatory Syrian Republic (1930–1946) | |||||||||
| — |
|
Taj al-Din al-Hasani تاج الدين الحسني (1885–1943) |
— | 14 May 1930 | 19 November 1931 | 1 year, 189 days | Independent | ||
| — | 
|
Léon Solomiac ليون سولومياك (1873–1960) |
— | 19 November 1931 | 11 June 1932 | 205 days | Independent | ||
| 3 | 
|
Muhammad Ali Bey al-Abid محمد علي بك العابد (1867–1939) |
— | 11 June 1932 | 21 December 1936 | 4 years, 193 days | Independent | ||
| 4 | 
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 21 December 1936 | 7 July 1939 | 2 years, 198 days | National Bloc | ||
| 5 | 
|
Bahij al-Khatib بهيج الخطيب (1895–1981) |
— | 10 July 1939 | 4 April 1941 | 1 year, 268 days | Independent | ||
| — | 
|
Khalid al-Azm خالد العظم (1903–1965) |
— | 4 April 1941 | 16 September 1941 | 165 days | Independent | ||
| 6 |
|
Taj al-Din al-Hasani تاج الدين الحسني (1885–1943) |
— | 16 September 1941 | 17 January 1943 | 1 year, 123 days | Independent | Hasani died in office.[2] | |
| — | 
|
Jamil al-Ulshi جميل الألشي (1883–1951) |
— | 17 January 1943 | 25 March 1943 | 67 days | Independent | ||
| 7 | 
|
Ata Bey al-Ayyubi عطا الأيوبي (1877–1951) |
— | 25 March 1943 | 17 August 1943 | 145 days | Independent | ||
| 8 | 
|
Shukri al-Quwatli شكري القوّتلي (1891–1967) |
— | 17 August 1943 | 17 April 1946 | 2 years, 68 days | National Bloc | ||
| Independent First Syrian Republic (1946–1950) | |||||||||
| (8) |
|
Shukri al-Quwatli شكري القوّتلي (1891–1967) |
— | 17 April 1946 | 29 March 1949 | 3 years, 156 days | National Bloc / National Party | Quwatli was ousted from power on 29 March 1949 by Husni al-Za'im, his Chief of Staff.[3] | |
| 9 | 
|
Husni al-Za'im حسني الزعيم (1897–1949) |
1949 | 30 March 1949 | 14 August 1949 | 137 days | Syrian Social Nationalist Party | Za'im was overthrown by a military coup in 1949 led by Adib Shishakli, and he was later executed on the orders of the new government.[4] | |
| 10 | 
|
Sami al-Hinnawi سامي الحناوي (1898–1950) |
— | 14 August 1949 | 15 August 1949 | 1 day | Military | ||
| 11 (4) |
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 15 August 1949 | 5 September 1950 | 1 year, 21 days | People's Party | ||
| Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958) | |||||||||
| (11) (4) |
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 5 September 1950 | 2 December 1951 | 1 year, 88 days | People's Party | ||
| — | 
|
Adib Shishakli أديب الشيشكلي (1909–1964) |
— | 2 December 1951 | 3 December 1951 | 1 day | Syrian Social Nationalist Party | ||
| 12 | 
|
Fawzi Selu فوزي سلو (1905–1972) |
— | 3 December 1951 | 11 July 1953 | 1 year, 220 days | Military | ||
| 13 |
|
Adib Shishakli أديب الشيشكلي (1909–1964) |
1953 | 11 July 1953 | 25 February 1954 | 229 days | Arab Liberation Movement | Shishakli resigned from office because of threats of a coup in 1954.[5] He fled the country, claiming that he did not want the country to fall into a civil war.[5] | |
| — | 
|
Maamun al-Kuzbari مأمون الكزبري (1914–1998) |
— | 25 February 1954 | 28 February 1954 | 3 days | Independent | ||
| 14 (4) (11) |
|
Hashim al-Atassi هاشم الأتاسي (1875–1960) |
— | 28 February 1954 | 6 September 1955 | 1 year, 190 days | People's Party | ||
| 15 (8) |
|
Shukri al-Quwatli شكري القوّتلي (1891–1967) |
— | 6 September 1955 | 22 February 1958 | 2 years, 169 days | National Party | ||
United Arab Republic (1958–1961)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | ||||||
| 1 | 
|
Gamal Abdel Nasser جمال عبد الناصر (1918–1970) |
1958 | 22 February 1958 | 29 September 1961 | 3 years, 219 days | National Union | |
Syria (1961–present)
[edit]| No. | Portrait | Name (Birth–Death) |
Elected | Term of office | Political party | Note(s) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Took office | Left office | Time in office | |||||||
| Second Syrian Republic (Syrian Arab Republic; 1961–1963) | |||||||||
| — |
|
Maamun al-Kuzbari مأمون الكزبري (1914–1998) |
— | 29 September 1961 | 20 November 1961 | 52 days | Independent | Kuzbari took office following the 1961 coup d'état, which dissolved the United Arab Republic. | |
| — | 
|
Izzat al-Nuss عزت النص (1912–1976)[6] |
— | 20 November 1961 | 14 December 1961 | 24 days | Military | ||
| 1 | 
|
Nazim al-Qudsi ناظم القدسي (1906–1998) |
— | 14 December 1961 | 8 March 1963 | 1 year, 84 days | People's Party | The 1963 coup d'état, an event known as the 8th of March Revolution, toppled Qudsi and brought the National Council for the Revolutionary Command (NCRC) to government, although real power lay with the Ba'athist Military Committee, which organized the coup.[7] | |
| Ba'athist Syria (Syrian Arab Republic; 1963–2024) | |||||||||
| 2 | 
|
Lu'ay al-Atassi لؤي الأتاسي (1926–2003) |
— | 9 March 1963 | 27 July 1963 | 140 days | Independent | Atassi was appointed president by the NCRC because he posed no threat to the Military Committee's power.[8] He resigned after high-ranking non-Ba'athist officers were purged.[9] | |
| 3 | 
|
Amin al-Hafiz أمين الحافظ (1921–2009) |
— | 27 July 1963 | 23 February 1966 | 2 years, 211 days | Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Hafiz was overthrown by the Military Committee because of his support for Michel Aflaq and the National Command of the Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.[10] | |
| 4 | 
|
Nureddin al-Atassi نور الدين الأتاسي (1929–1992) |
— | 25 February 1966 | 18 November 1970 | 4 years, 266 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Atassi was overthrown when a falling out occurred between Salah Jadid, the real ruler of Syria from 1966 to 1970, and Hafez al-Assad, the Minister of Defense.[11] Assad initiated a coup in 1970, known as the Corrective Movement.[12] | |
| — | 
|
Ahmad al-Khatib أحمد الخطيب (1933–1982) |
— | 18 November 1970 | 22 February 1971 | 96 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
||
| 5 | 
|
Hafez al-Assad حافظ الأسد (1930–2000) |
1971 1978 1985 1991 1999 |
22 February 1971 | 10 June 2000 | 29 years, 109 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Assad died in office.[13] | |
| — | .jpg)
|
Abdul Halim Khaddam عبدالحليم خدام (1932–2020) |
— | 10 June 2000 | 17 July 2000 | 37 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Khaddam consitutionally succeeded from the vice presidency, and served on an acting basis until the new confirmative referendum. | |
| 6 | 
|
Bashar al-Assad بَشَّارُ ٱلْأَسَدِ (born 1965) |
2000 2007 2014 2021 |
17 July 2000 | 8 December 2024 | 24 years, 144 days | Syrian Ba'ath Party (Syria Region) |
Assad resigned from office,[14] and the regime was subsequently overthrown during the fall of Damascus in the Syrian civil war[15]. | |
Timeline
[edit]
See also
[edit]- President of Syria
- Vice President of Syria
- Prime Minister of Syria
- Speaker of the People's Assembly of Syria
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Arrêtés Nos. 1, 2 & 3, Bulletin hebdomadaire des actes administratifs du Haut-Commissariat (8 October 1922), p. 268; [1].
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 345.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 311.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 610.
- ^ a b Moubayed 2006, p. 339.
- ^ "Who's who in the Arab World". 1974.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 133.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, p. 175.
- ^ Rabinovich 1972, p. 72.
- ^ Seale 1990, pp. 99–101.
- ^ Seale 1990, pp. 142–144.
- ^ Seale 1990, pp. 162–163.
- ^ Moubayed 2006, pp. 154–155.
- ^ "Syria Live Updates: Assad Has Resigned and Left Syria, Russia Says". The New York Times. 8 December 2024. Retrieved 8 December 2024.
- ^ "Syrian rebels topple President Assad, prime minister calls for free elections". Reuters. 8 December 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Moubayed, Sami M. (2006). Steel & Silk: Men and Women who shaped Syria 1900–2000. Cune Press. ISBN 1-885942-40-0.
- Rabinovich, Itamar (1972). Syria Under the Ba'th, 1963–66: The Army Party Symbiosis. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 0-7065-1266-9.
- Seale, Patrick (1990). Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0520069763.
| Syrian Federation (1922–1924) |  |
|---|---|
| State of Syria (1925–1930) | |
| First Syrian Republic (1930–1950) | .svg) |
| Second Syrian Republic (1950–1958) | |
| United Arab Republic (1958–1961) | .svg) |
| Second Syrian Republic (1961–1963) | |
| Ba'athist Syria (1963–2024) |  |
* acting | |